Summer Training in Embedded Systems

Why Embedded ? We are living in the Embedded World. We are surrounded with many embedded products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets. Television, Radio, CD player of your living room, Washing Machine or Microwave Oven in your kitchen, Card readers, Access Controllers, Palm devices of your work space enable you to do many of your tasks very effectively

What is Embedded ? Theoretically, an embedded controller is a combination of a piece of microprocessor based hardware and the suitable software to undertake a specific task Requirement of embedded system Easy to use Easy in repair Space efficient Power efficiency Reliable Time saving

The one of the most used microcontroller that we use for embedded purpose is 8051. The Intel 8051 microcontroller is one of the most popular general purpose microcontrollers in use today. The success of the Intel 8051 spawned a number of clones which are collectively referred to as the MCS-51 family of microcontrollers, which includes chips from vendors such as Atmel, Philips, Infineon, and Texas Instruments.

8051 chips are used in a wide variety of control systems, telecom applications, robotics as well as in the automotive industry. By some estimations, 8051 family chips make up over 50% of the embedded chip market.

Basic features of 8051 Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are: 4 KB on chip program memory. 128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM). 4 register banks. 128 user defined software flags. 8-bit data bus 16-bit address bus 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less). 3 internal and 2 external interrupts. Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes. Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports). 16-bit program counter and data pointer. 1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.

Pin diagramof 8051

Description of basic pins of 8051

PIN 9: PIN 9 is the reset pin which is used to reset the microcontrollers internal registers and ports upon starting up. (Pin should be held high for 2 machine cycles.) PINS 18 & 19: The 8051 has a built-in oscillator amplifier hence we need to only connect a crystal at these pins to provide clock pulses to the circuit. PIN 40 and 20: Pins 40 and 20 are VCC and ground respectively. The 8051 chip needs +5V 500mA to function properly, although there are lower powered versions like the Atmel 2051 which is a scaled down version of the 8051 which runs on +3V. PINS 29, 30 & 31: As described in the features of the 8051, this chip contains a built-in flash memory. In order to program this we need to supply a voltage of +12V at pin 31. If external memory is connected then PIN 31, also called EA/VPP, should be connected to ground to indicate the presence of external memory. PIN 30 is called ALE (address latch enable), which is used when multiple memory chips are connected to the controller and only one of them needs to be selected.. PIN 29 is called PSEN. This is "program store enable". In order to use the external memory it is required to provide the low voltage (0) on both PSEN and EA pins

Project made on the basis of 8051 (digital speedometer)

This instrument displays the speed of the vehicle. Speed of the vehicle can be measured using different technology ,it can be made possible by using IR SENSOR ,ULTRASONIC SENSOR,AND MODULES(ultrasonic sensor works on the speed of the sound while ir sensor works on the basis of line of sight)

Use of ultra sonic sensor and module in the project

Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04 provides 2cm - 400cm non-contact measurement function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm. The modules includes ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit. The basic principle of work: (1) Using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal, (2) The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a pulse signal back. (3) IF the signal back, through high level , time of high output IO duration is the time from sending ultrasonic to returning. Test distance = (high level time velocity of sound (340M/S) / 2

ultra sonic sensor and module

Short description of the logic used in digital speedometer project In this interfacing we use the port 1 as a LCD control and port 2 as a LCD data. Whenever we use port 0 we have to connect pull up register externally to make it by directional because of by default port 0 is unidirectional i.e. only input port . All other ports have already inbuilt pull up register so no need to connect pull up register externally. P3.2 is used as external timer 0 interrupt connected to echo pin of ultrasonic sensor , P3.5 is used as triggering pin connected to triggering pin of ultrasonic sensor

Circuit diagram of the project made -1

Circuit diagram of the project made -2

Results and conclusion The aim of our experiment is to create an efficient low cost Digital Speedometer. It was inspired by the fact that most of the modern-day vehicles use analog speedometers which have resolution of about 5kmph and the range is also limited.

The Digital Speedometer we have designed can measure up to a speed of 999kmph with a resolution of 1kmph. Its rather inexpensive and can be used in almost all vehicles