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Acidizing Treatment
Fluid Design
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Corrosion of Tubulars Iron Precipitation Changes in Relative Permeability Emulsions Sludges Formation Water Incompatibility Fines Asphaltenes and Paraffins Problem Formations
1.
Corrosion of Tubulars The Problem:Corrosion of steel tubulars by HCl, HF and organic acids whilst they are downhole.
1.
Corrosion of Tubulars
The Solution:Use Corrosion Inhibitors and Inhibitor Intensifiers in the acid. Inhibitors greatly reduce corrosion rate.
Corrosion Inhibitors
We Need to Know:Temperature Acid Blend (strength and type) Job Type (coil tubing?) Completion Type (N80, Chrome etc) H2S? Other Additives in Acid
Corrosion Inhibitors
2.
Iron Precipitation
The Solution:Iron Reducing Agents, Iron Chelating Agents and pH Control Additives.
Iron Precipitation We Need to Know:Temperature Acid Blend (strength and type) H2S? Other Additives in Acid Condition of Tubulars Iron Compounds in Formation
Iron Precipitation FeCl3 causes precipitates if pH > 2.5 FeCl2 causes precipitates if pH > 4.5 and if H2S is present FeS precipitates if pH > 1.9
Iron Precipitation
So, Either Keep the pH < 1.9 or Reduce the Fe(III) to Fe(II) and Keep the pH < 4.5 or Chelate the Iron into Soluble Complexes
Iron Precipitation
pH Control Additives: SAPP, Acetic Acid Reducing Agents: Ferrotrol-200, -210 Chelating Agents: Ferrotrol-300, -800, -810, -900, -1000
3.
Changes in Relative Permeability We Need to Know:Temperature Acid Blend (strength and type) Other Additives in Acid Formation Mineralogy Formation Fluids
BJs products help keep the formation water wet, and reduce surface tension. Flo-Back 20, 30 Inflo-100, -150
4.
Emulsions
The Problem:Formation of thick, pore blocking emulsions by interaction of formation and acid. The Solution:Use of surfactants.
Emulsions We Need to Know:Temperature Acid Blend (strength and type) Other Additives in Acid Formation Fluids We Also Need:Samples of All Formation Fluids
Emulsions
BJ Products:Inflo-100 NE-2A, -32, 940 BJ Services has a very wide range of surfactant products.
5.
Sludges
The Problem:Formation of sludges by action of heavy oils with acid blends, in the presence of Fe3+ ions.
The Solution:Use of anti-sludging agents, iron reducing agents.
Sludges We Need to Know:Temperature Acid Blend (strength and type) Other Additives in Acid Formation Fluids We Also Need:Samples of All Formation Fluids
6.
Formation Water Incompatibility The Problem:Formation of precipitates due to brines and acid incompatibility The Solution:Testing of formation water
Formation Water Incompatibility We Need to Know:Temperature Acid Blend (strength and type) Other Additives in Acid We Also Need:Sample of Formation Water
7.
Fines
Fines
We Need to Know:Temperature Acid Blend (strength and type) Other Additives in Acid Formation Mineralogy
8.
Asphaltenes and Paraffins We Need to Know:Temperature Acid Blend (strength and type) Other Additives in Acid We Also Need:Sample of Deposits
9. 1.
Problem Formations Carbonate with High Quartz Content. Acidizing this formation can lead to the production of sand and fines.
9. 2.
Increased tendency to produce iron hydroxide precipitates - acid will neutralise almost completely, giving a high pH.
Problem Formations 3. Soft Carbonate Formations. These formations will tend to deform after acid treatment, closing up wormholes and other areas of rock removal.
Problem Formations 4. Sandstones with High Carbonate Content. These formations will produce significant amounts of CaF2 solids when stimulated with HCl:HF.
Problem Formations
5.
Problem Formations 6. Weak or Unconsolidated Sandstones Acidizing these formations will lead to the production of sand.
Core Flow Testing is THE BEST WAY to ensure compatibility between the formation and the stimulation fluids. It can also be used to optimise the treatment and fluid design.
Summary
Most of the problems with acidizing can be countered if we know:1. 2. 3. 4. Temperature Formation Fluids Formation Mineralogy Completion