Titration

• Indicators & pH Meters: The pH range

over which an indicator changes color is its
transition interval.
interval pH meters measure the
pH using electrodes.
• Titration is the process of adding an acid to
base until it is neutralized. (or vice versa)
• Indicators are used to show when
neutralization is reached.
 More On Titrations
• Titrations are done to find the concentration of
the unknown acid or base.
• The correct indicator needs to be chosen so that it
changes color right where acid = base or very
close to this point.
• The place where the indicator changes color is the
end point.
• The place where acid = base is the equivalence
point.
– Titrations may be done on compounds that are not acids
& bases if they react so that the two factors are in
chemically equivalent amounts at the equivalence point
& there is an indicator with an appropriate endpoint.
For a titration with a strong acid and a
strong base the equivalence point occurs at
approximately a pH of 7. 7
For a titration with a weak acid and a strong
base the equivalence point occurs above a
pH of 7.
7
 Performing Titrations
• STEPS:
• 1.) Use burets to accurately measure acid & base
amounts.
• 2.) Add one to the other until the indicator just
barely changes color.
color
• If the acid & base involved are both monoprotic,
M1V1=M2V2 ( or MHVH=MOHVOH ) can be used to
find the unknown molarity.
• If the acid & base involved have different amounts
of H+ and OH-, then the balanced equation will
have to be used along with dimensional analysis.
(p502)
 Sample Problem
• If 20.0 mL of 0.0100 M aqueous HCl is
required to neutralize 30.0 mL of an
aqueous solution of NaOH, determine the
molarity of the NaOH solution.
• MHVH=MOHVOH
• (0.0100M) (20.0 mL) = (MOH)(30.0mL)
• MOH = 6.67 x 10-3 M NaOH
 Try it Out!
• In a titration, 27.4 mL of 0.154 M LiOH is
added to a 25.0 mL HCl solution of
unknown concentration. What is the
molarity of the solution?
• MHVH=MOHVOH
• (MH)(25.0mL) = (27.4 mL)(0.154M)
• MH= 0.169 M HCl
 Your Turn!
• Suppose 20.0 mL of 0.100 M aqueous Ca(OH)2 is
required to neutralize 12.0 mL of an aqueous solution of
HCl. What is the molarity of the HCl solution.
• Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → 2H2O + CaCl2
• Moles H+ = Moles OH- at equiv point
Calculate moles of OH- (Molarity x Volume)
0.100 mols/L x 0.020 L = 0.0020 moles Ca(OH) 2
0.00200 mol Ca(OH)2 x 2 mol HCl = 0.0040 mol HCl
1 mol Ca(OH)2

Molarity = 0.004 mols HCl = 0.33 M HCl

 Another One!
• By titration, 17.6 mL of aqueous H2SO4 neutralized 27.4
mL of an aqueous solution of 0.0165 M KOH. What is
the molarity of the acid solution?
• H2SO4 + 2KOH→ 2H2O + K2SO4
Moles H+ = Moles OH- at equiv point
Calculate moles of OH- (Molarity x Volume)
0.0165 moles/L x 0.0274 L = 0.000452 moles KOH
0.000452 moles KOH x 1 mol H2SO4 = 0.000226 mol H2SO4
2 mol KOH
M = 0.000226 mols H2SO4 = 0.0128 M H2SO4
0.0176 L
 Last One!
• By titration, 33.3 mL of aqueous H3PO4 neutralized 55.5 mL
of an aqueous solution of 0.444 M Ba(OH)2. What is the
molarity of the acid solution?
2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2→ 6H2O + Ba3(PO4 )2
Moles H+ = Moles OH- at equiv point
Calculate moles of Ba(OH)2 (Molarity x Volume)
0.444 moles/L x 0.0555 L = 0.0246 moles
0.0246 moles Ba(OH)2 x 2 mol H3PO4 = 0.0164 mol H3PO4
3 mol Ba(OH)2
M = 0.0164 mols H3PO4 = 0.493 M H3PO4
What was the longest recorded time that a
single person had the hiccups?
68 Years!
Charles Osborne had the hiccups from the age of
28 to 96. He hiccupped an estimated 430 million
times!