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Werner Heisenberg
Particle in a Box
Particle in a box
Quantum Numbers
Definitions n principal quantum # 1,2,3 determines energy l angular momentum q. # 0,1,..,n-1 angular dependence ml magnetic quantum # 0,1,.. ,l orientation in space s spin q. # 1/2 spin magnetic moment ms magnetic spin q. # 1/2 orientation of spin magnetic moment in space Orbital nodes Angular nodes: l Radial nodes: n-l-1 Examples 1. The 14 wave functions for 14 electrons that can be accommodated in 5f orbitals have the following quantum numbers: n=5 l=3 ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 s = 1/2 mS = +1/2, -1/2
x= r sin cos
y= r sin sin z= r cos
Angular nodes l
Yl,m (,)
Orbital symbol
n,,m = n (-symbol)direction
Examples: 1,0,0 = 1s
2,1,0 = 2pz
Limits on quantum #s for energy level n
0, 1, 2, (n-1); s, p, d,
m 0, 1, , Example: n = 2, = ?, m = ? = 0, m = 0 = 1, m = 1, 0, -1
We will use plots of orbitals to show these properties and to determine properties of the atom
No angular dependence!!
Size of Hydrogen 1s orbital e- is found 90% of the time from r = 0 2.6 ao (.14 nm)
2.6 ao
Radial function
e(-r/ao)
ao = 5.29 x 10-11 m
Figure 16.19: 1s, 2s, 3s orbitals (no angular dependence!!) Figure 12.18: (idea of relative size) 1s, 2s, 3s orbitals
90% Probability contours showing relative size of orbitals
e-
+
= 1 ; now there IS angular dependence
m = 1, 0, -1 : 3 orbitals in 3 different directions Phases given as + and - signs
Exercises:
1.
2.
Consider an atom which has the following electron configuration on the 4th shell: 4d10. Find the quantum numbers that describe this orbital. How many radial nodes, angular nodes are there in a 3pz, 4s, 5d orbitals?