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Akshay Jilowa
G.P.C.G. Jalandhar
Picture Tubes
Akshay Jilowa G.P.C.G. Jalandhar
Picture Tubes
Akshay Jilowa
G.P.C.G. Jalandhar
Picture Tubes
Introduction Picture Tube Monochrome Tube Color picture tube
Akshay Jilowa
G.P.C.G. Jalandhar
Picture Tube
The picture tube is very similar to the cathoderay tube used in an oscilloscope. The glass envelope contains an electron Gun structure that produces a beam of electrons aimed at the fluorescent screen. When the electron beam strikes the screen, light is emitted.
ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSSING
The electric field due to the positive potential at the accelerating grid extends through the opening the of the control grid right to the cathode surface. The orientation of this field is such that besides accelerating electrons down the tube. It also brings all the electrons in the stream into a tiny spot called the cross over. This is known as the first electrostatic lens action. The electrode voltages are so chosen or the electric field is so varied that the second point where all the electrons get focused is the screen of the picture tube. Electrostatic focusing is preferred over magnetic focusing because it is not affected very much by changes in the line voltage.
BEAM VELOCITY
In order to give the electrons stream sufficient velocity to reach the screen material with proper energy to cause it to fluoresce, a second anode is included within the tube. This is a conductive coating with colloidal graphite on the inside of the wide bell of the tube. This coating called aquadag usually extends from almost half way into the narrow neck to within 3 cm of the fluorescent screen.
DEFLECTION YOKE
It may be noted that a perpendicular displacement results because the magnetic field due to each coil reacts with the magnetic field of the electron beam to produce a force that deflects the electrons at right angles to both the beam axis and the deflection field.
Deflection Yoke
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G.P.C.G. Jalandhar
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BEAM DEFLECTION
As already stated the electron beam must attain a very high velocity to deliver enough energy to the atoms of the phosphor coating. Because of this the electrons of the beam remain under the influence of the deflecting field for a very short time. This necessitates application of high deflecting fields to achieve the desired deflection. It is very difficult to generate such high voltages at the deflection frequencies. On the other hand with magnetic deflection it is a large current that would be necessary to achieve the same deflection.
BEAM DEFLECTION
Since it is more convenient to generate large currents than high voltages. All picture tubes employ electromagnetic deflection. With electrostatic deflection the beam electros gain energy. Thus, larger deflection angles tend to defocus the beam. The deflection plates need to be placed further apart as a deflection angle is made larger. Thus requiring higher voltages to produce the same deflection fields. Magnetic deflection is free from both these shortcomings and much larger deflection angles can be achieved without defocusing or nonlinearities with these consequent saving in tube length and cabinet size.
Picture Tube
The beam is deflected by a pair of deflecting coils mounted on the neck of the picture tube in the same way and rate as the beam scans the target in the camera tube. The amplitudes of the currents in the horizontal and vertical deflecting coils are so adjusted that the entire screen, called raster, gets illuminated because of the fast rate of scanning.
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Scanning
The scene is scanned rapidly both in the horizontal and vertical directions simultaneously to provide sufficient number of complete pictures or frames per second to give the illusion of continuous motion.
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Scanning
The scanning is process performed in picture tube to convert optical information into electrical signal. The fine and sharp electronic beam is used to scan the focused image and beam convert optical information to electrical signal ,element by element and line after line , till entire picture/image is scanned.
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Scanning of the element is done at a very fast rate and this process is repeated a large number of times per second to create an illusion of simultaneously pick up & transmission of picture detail
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Scanning may be identified as a particular process which permits the conversion of information existing in space and time coordinates into time variations only. The electrical information obtained from the TV camera tube is generally referred to as video signal
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Horizontal Scanning
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Vertical Scanning
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Compatibility
Compatibility means that 1) The color television signal must produce a normal black and white picture on a monochrome receiver without any modification of the receiver circuitry. 2) A color receiver must be able to produce a black and white picture from a normal monochrome signal. This is referred to as reverse compatibility
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G.P.C.G. Jalandhar
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Compatibility
To achieve this, that is , to make the system fully compatible the composite color signal must meet the following requirements: It should occupy the same bandwidth as the corresponding monochrome signal . The location and spacing of picture and sound carrier frequencies should remain the same .
The color signal should have the same luminance (brightness) information as would a monochrome signal have , transmitting the same scene .
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Compatibility
The composite color signal should contain color information together with the ancillary signal needed to allow this to be decoded. The color information should be carried in such a way that it does not affect the picture reproduced on the screen of a monochrome receiver. The system must employ the same deflection frequencies and synch signals as used for monochrome transmission and reception.
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G.P.C.G. Jalandhar
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Compatibility
In order to meet the above requirements it becomes necessary to encode the colour information of the scene in such a way that it can be transmitted within the same channel bandwidth of 7 MHz and without disturbing the brightness signal. Similarly at the receiving end a decoder must be used to recover the colour signal back in its original form for feeding it to the tricolour picture tube.
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G.P.C.G. Jalandhar
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(a) guns viewed from the base (b) electron beams, shadow mask and dot-triad Akshay Jilowa phosphor screen (c) showing application of Y and colour difference signals G.P.C.G. 29 between the cathodes and control grids Jalandhar
(a) in-line guns (b) electron beams, aperture grille and striped three colour phosphor screen(c) mountings on neck and bowl of the tube.
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Coma Effect
Due to nonuniformity of the deflection field all the beams are not deflected by the same amount. As shown in Fig. the central beam (green) deflects by a smaller amount as compared to the other two beams. For a different nonuniformity of the deflection field, the effect could be just opposite producing too large a displacement of the central beam. Such a distortion is known as coma and results in misconvergence of the beams.
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(a) gun structure(b) electron beams, vertical-striped three colour phosphor screen (c) constructional, focus and convergence details
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G.P.C.G. Jalandhar
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frequency interleaving
Frequency interleaving in TV transmission is possible because of the relationship of the video signal to the scanning frequencies which are used to develop it It has been determined that the energy content of the video signal is contained in a individual energy bundles which occur at harmonics of the line frequency ( 15.625, 31.250.. Khz)
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frequency interleaving
The components of each bundle being separated by a multiplier of the field frequency. The shape of each energy bundle show peak at the exact harmonic of the horizontal scanning frequency The vertical side band contain less energy Note that the energy content progressively decrease with increase in the order of harmonics and is very small beyond 3.5 Mhz from picture
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frequency interleaving
Therefore it is found that part of bandwidth of monochrome TV is goes unused because of spacing in energy bundle . This suggest that available space could be occupied by another signal It is here where color is located by modulating the color difference signal with color sub carrier The carrier is so selected that side band fall exact mid way between the harmonic of the line frequency
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frequency interleaving
To avoid cross talk sub carrier is chosen at high side of channel bandwidth For PAL ( Channel BW 7Mhz) (2*283+1)15625/2= 4.43Mhz For NTSC ( Channel BW 6Mhz) ( 2*227+1)15750/2=3.58Mhz
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G.P.C.G. Jalandhar
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THANKS
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