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Child and adult is different Child does not a little neither mini adult Specific characteristic of child are
Growth
Growth is an increase in number and size of the cell and intercellular tissue increase in size of the body Quantitative countable, measurable In length unit, or weight unit Indicator : - Body weight - Body length / body height - Head circumference - Upper arm circumference
Development
Maturity of the body structure and function developing the skill and knowledge Qualitative uncountable Difficult to measurement milestone Indicator : - Gross and fine motor - Language and speech - Socioemotional - Vision and hearing
Birth potensial
Useful Adult
Specific objective
To understand the process of growth and development since conception to adult To monitor chlidrens progress To identify delays or abnormalities in development early diagnosis early intervention Know the cause of GD impairment counsel the parent to avoid the abnormalities
2. Canges of the proportion of the body head proportion, central point of the body
Phenomenon of growth
Growth rapid is irregular, with fluctuation in growth rapid
General growth
Growth keep continuing regularly since conception to adolescence, with fluctuation in growth rapid Maximum rapid start from fetus, then keep in decreasing while passing the infant period Preschools growth is slow Adolescences growth is fast and end after adolescence period is finish
2. Development depends on the maturation and myelinitation of the nervous system 3. The sequence of development is the same for all children, but the rate of development varies from child to child
The principles of development (cont.) 4. Certain primitive reflexes anticipate corresponding voluntary movement and have to be lost before the voluntary movement develops 5. The direction of development is cephalocaudal and proximodistal 6. Generalised mass activity gives way to spesific indiviual responses
External factors
Internal factors
Genetics Race, ethnic, nation Age Gender Family history Chromosomal abnormalities
2. Perinatal factors :
3. Postnatal factors - Illness - Cultural practices - Chronic Infection - Health surveilance - Nutrition - Drugs - Endocrine problems (GH, insulin, thyroid,sexH) - Socioeconomic factors - Management of handicap - Parental health & attitudes - Education & opportunities in life (stimulation) - Physical and chemical environment