BIOLOGY FORM 5

SUBTOPICS
The Importance of Having a Transport System in
Some Multicellular Organisms The Circulatory System The Mechanism of Blood Clotting The Lymphatic System The Role of the Circulatory System in the Bodys Defence Mechanism Appreciating a Healthy Cardiovascular System The Transport of Substances in Plants The Transport of Organic Substances & Water in Plants 2

1.1 - The Importance of Having a Transport System in Some Multicellular Organisms

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

To identify the problem that could be faced

by multicellular organisms in obtaining their cellular requirements & getting rid of their waste products

To suggest how the problem is overcome in

multicellular organisms
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1.1 - The Importance of Having a Transport System in Some Multicellular Organisms

All living organisms need

to constantly exchange substances between cells & their external environment (food, waste & gases).

All this process is

performed by a transport system.

 Small organisms have a large total surface area

to volume (TSA/V) ratio. So, diffusion of
substances occurs rapidly (short distance only).

Some simple organisms such as flatworms have thin

flatten bodies provide a large surface area

In Hydra, water enters through the mouth into the

body cavity. As the body wall is only two cell layers thick, substances can move rapidly into or out of the body cells.

Do not require a specialised internal transport

system
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 Larger organisms, increased need for

more nutrients & oxygen to be supplied to the larger number of cells. Need to excrete more waste products. decreases.

The size increases, TSA/V ratio Many of the body cells are too far away
from the external surface or between different parts of the body.

Simple diffusion occurs at too slow a rate

to sustain cellular activities.
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 Larger multicellular organisms have adapted by

developing specialised structures to increase the surface area for exchange of substances. of vessels or tubes.

Have developed an internal transport system In human & more complex animals, there is

development of a blood circulation system to carry the substances. by the vascular system (xylem & phloem).

In plants, transport of substances is carried out

the relationship between total surface area to volume ratio & its effect on the rate of diffusion

EXPERIMENT 1.1 : Determining

AIM : To determine the relationship between

TSA/V ratio & its effect on the rate of diffusion PROBLEM STATEMENT : What is the effect of TSA/V ratio on the rate of diffusion of substances? HYPOTHESIS : the larger the size of the object, the smaller the total surface area to volume ratio & the lower the rate of diffusion
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 VARIABLES : Manipulated size of potato cubes,

Responding Area stained relative to total surface area of cut surface, Fixed red ink solution, potato MATERIAL : potatoes, coloured solution APPARATUS : 400 ml beaker, white tile, knife, ruler & forcep.

PROCEDURE :
A knife is used to cut 3 potato cubes with the dimensions 1cm x 1cm x 1cm, 2cm x 2cm x 2cm, 4cm x 4cm x4cm The 3 potato cubes are immersed in coloured solution for 30 minutes
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 PROCEDURE (cont)
The potato cubes are removed from the beaker. Each potato is cut in half. The region stained by the colour solution are observed.

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RESULT :
A B C

Original length (cm)

Original width (cm) Original height (cm) Total surface area (cm2) Volume (cm3) TSA/V ratio Relative rate of diffusion

1
1 1

2
2 2

4
4 4

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 DISCUSSION :
Answer the questions inside the practical book page 3

CONCLUSION :
Make your own conclusion

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END
OF

SUBTOPIC 1.1

OPPSDONT FORGET TO COPY EXERCISE ON THE NEXT PAGE!!

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EXERCISE 1.1
1. State two problems faced by multicellular
organisms in obtaining their cellular requirements & removing waste product.

2. State how these problems are overcome

in multicellular organisms. 3. Explain why unicellular organisms do not face the problems listed in (Q1).
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Iyah..iyah. .Iyah.

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