Antennas & their associated patterns

Mr.Song Keping
Engineer of Management of station and network Division State Radio Monitoring Center songkp@srrc.org.cn +8610-68318264 Radio Monitoring and Spectrum Management Training (China,23-31,May,2005)

Antennas & their associated patterns

Definitions associate with antenna HF antenna types VHF and UHF omnidirection types VHF and UHF directional types Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz
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Definitions associate with antenna

Definitions associate with antenna HF antenna types VHF and UHF omnidirection types VHF and UHF directional types Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz
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Definitions associate with antenna

Antenna

-Definition:
System of wires or other conductors that used to transmit or receive radio waves or electromagnetic fields

-Transform between current and radio wave

Definitions associate with antenna

Antenna gain
-Definition: When produce same field strength of the same power flux-density at the same distance in a given direction, the ratio of the power required at the input of a loss free reference antenna to the power supplied to the input of a given antenna.

-Refers to the direction of maximum radiation

-Considered for a specified polarization 5

Definitions associate with antenna

Antenna gain (2)
-Gi: isotropic antenna as reference (expressed in dBi) -Gd: half-wave dipole as reference (expressed in dBd) -Gv: linear conductor as reference (expressed in dBv, not in common use) dBi = dBd + 2.15 dB

Definitions associate with antenna

Antenna directivity diagram(pattern) -A curve representing a quantity proportional to the gain of antenna in the various direction in a particular plane -Main lobe and side lobe

-Horizontal directivity diagram

-Vertical directivity diagram

Definitions associate with antenna

Example of main lobe and side lobe

Definitions associate with antenna

Horizontal (left) and vertical (right) radiation pattern of an antenna

Definitions associate with antenna

Polarization of a radio wave -The orientation of the electric flux in the EM field -Linear polarization (vertical, horizontal) -Circular polarization (right hand, left hand) Polarization of an antenna -Polarization of the signals it transmit

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Definitions associate with antenna

Bandwidth of antenna -Range of frequencies over which its effective -Techniques that can increase the bandwidth

Active antenna
-Active processing before intercepting or producing -Has active elements in front of the output

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Definitions associate with antenna

Active antenna (2) -Wide bandwidth -Good shape of radiation pattern -Small size

-Frequency-impendence parameters
-Influenced by intermodulation and cross-modulation -Weak to nearby lightning

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HF antenna types
Definitions associate with antenna HF antenna types VHF and UHF omnidirection types VHF and UHF directional types Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz
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HF antenna types
Rotatable horizontally polarized log-periodic antenna -Broadband -Rotatable for different direction -Consistent pattern over the entire frequency range -Typical gain: 12dBi -Suitable for medium and long range skywave -Suitable for short range ground wave

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HF antenna types

Horizontally log-periodic HF antenna in Beijing monitoring station and typical horizontal(top) and vertical(bottom) radiation 15 pattern

HF antenna types

HF Quadrant antenna -Consist of horizontal bent dipoles -Bent angle different for required horizontal pattern -Cannot cover entire HF band -Dipole is performed as an open multi-wire cage

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HF antenna types

Quadrant antenna and typical horizontal (top) and vertical (bottom) radiation pattern 17

HF antenna types

Quadrant antenna in Beijing monitoring station

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HF antenna types

Vertically polarized monopole omnidirectional antenna -Broadband -Composed of a biconical cage of wire -Typical gain: 4~5dBi -Suitable for short range ground wave -Suitable for moderate to long range skywave

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HF antenna types

Broadband vertical omnidirectional antenna and typical horizontal (top) and vertical (bottom) radiation pattern 20

HF antenna types

Magnetic loop antenna -Very small size -Detects the magnetic field -Can be installed in low height. -Sometimes active -Suitable for monitoring and measurement

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HF antenna types

Example of magnetic loop antenna

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VHF and UHF omnidirection types

Definitions associate with antenna HF antenna types VHF and UHF omnidirection types VHF and UHF directional types Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz
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VHF and UHF omnidirection types

Active Receiving Dipole antenna -Small size -High sensitivity -Wide dynamic range -Wide bandwidth -Typical gain: 5dBi

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VHF and UHF omnidirection types

Active receiving dipole antenna

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VHF and UHF omnidirection types

Rod antenna -Cover different frequency range -Sometimes active

Active rod antenna

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VHF and UHF omnidirection types

Coaxial Dipole antenna
-Vertically polarize -Suitable for mobile use -Typical gain : 2dBi @800MHz

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VHF and UHF omnidirection types

Coaxial dipole antenna and typical horizontal (top) and vertical (bottom) radiation pattern 28

VHF and UHF directional types

Definitions associate with antenna HF antenna types VHF and UHF omnidirection types VHF and UHF directional types Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz
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VHF and UHF directional types

VHF and UHF directional types
VHF/UHF Log-periodic antenna -Suitable for both wide and narrow band application -Very wide frequency range -Frequency-independent radiation patterns -Sometimes be individual calibrated -Typical gain: 6.5dBi

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VHF and UHF directional types

Log-periodic antenna and typical horizontal (top) and vertical (bottom) radiation pattern

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VHF and UHF directional types

Yagi antenna -Widely used in VHF/UHF band -Include the driven element, reflectors and directors

-Concentrates the radiation and response

-More directors, greater gain -More directors, more directional

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VHF and UHF directional types

Number of directors 4 -6dB beam width 46 Gain (dB) 12

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13 20

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15 16

Relationship between the number of directors, beamwidth and gain of Yagi antenna

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VHF and UHF directional types

Yagi antenna and typical radiation pattern

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VHF and UHF directional types

Portable directional antenna -For portable use -Normally active -Broadband, small size and low weight

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VHF and UHF directional types

Active portable antenna and typical horizontal (left) and vertical (right) radiation pattern

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Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz

Definitions associate with antenna HF antenna types VHF and UHF omnidirection types VHF and UHF directional types Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz
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Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz

Dish and feed form -To achieve the necessary of high gain -A feeder in the focus of a parabolic reflector Gain depend on: -Relation between dish diameter and wavelength -Efficiency

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Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz

Examples of typical dish and feed antenna with a feeder and a parabolic reflector

Examples of a log-periodic antenna as a feeder

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Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz

Narrow-band application -Need very high gain -To achieve high efficiency -Minimize the losses caused by insufficient reflection and side radiation
Monitoring or surveillance application -Need high gain and broad beamwidth -Focusing and defocusing the antenna feed -By a motor-driven mechanical equipment 40

Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz

Wideband application -Need high gain and broad bandwidth -Often use log-periodic antenna -Minimizing the losses caused by defocusing -By a motor-driven mechanical equipment

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Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz

Horn antenna -Broadband -Compact -Frequency-dependence high gain -Suitable for accuracy measurement

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Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz

Horn antenna

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Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz

Mount on a tripod or a tower -For stably face to a certain direction -Match the direction of the antenna and the signal

-Adjust to desired direction

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Antennas for frequencies above 3 000 MHz

Electric antenna rotator

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