LTE FDD OFDM Technology

ZTE University

Contents

Basic Principle Benefits and Drawbacks Key Technologies Application in DL Application in UL

Radio Channel Characteristics

Multi-Path Effect

Time Dispersion causes ISI (InterSymbol Interference When Transmitter sends a Pulse signal, the receiver receives:

Time-Variant Channel Doppler Shift is one form Frequency Dispersion causes ICI (InterChannel Interference)
Transmitter Frequency Receiver

Power

Power

Frequency

Time

What is OFDM ?

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, is a kind of multi-carrier transmission; In frequency domain, OFDM divides channel into some sub-channels overlapped between adjacent sub-channels. These sub-channels are orthogonal. Implement of CP can undermine ISI caused by Delay Spread

OFDM Modulation and Demodulation

Modulation

Demodulation

Multi-Path Effect
Path 1

Path 2 The second symbol in Path 1 interferes with the first symbol in Path 2

GI: guarding interval

ISI (InterSymbol Interference) will occur because of multi-path effect

If GI is Inserted
Path 1

Path 2
GI: Guarding Interval

GI

GI is inserted in order to eliminate ISI When GI is longer than max delay spread of channel, the multi-path component of a symbol doesnt interfere with next symbol

ICI Brought by GI
Part of subcarrier 2 causing ICI on subcarrier 1 subcarrier 1

Delayed subcarrier 2

GI CP: Cyclic Prefix

FFT IntegrationTime = 1/subcarrier spacing

FFT integral time length cant contain the entire waves because GIs are included. The orthogonality between subcarriers is detroyed.

If CP is Inserted
Amplitude

CP

Time

GI CP: Cyclic Prefix

FFT Integral Time Length OFDM Symbol Length

CP refers to the prefixing of a symbol with a repetition of the end, in order that the orthogonality between subcarriers is not undermined due to GI. FFT integral time length can contain integer number of waveforms of subcarriers in multi-path, as long as time delay of every path is less than GI.

OFDM Principle Diagram

OFDM Frequency-Time Structure

Each column corresponds to one OFDM symbol Each row corresponds to one OFDM subcarrier

OFDMA: Downlink multiple access

System Bandwidth Sub-carriers

Sub-frame

Frequency

Time frequency resource for User 1 Time frequency resource for User 2

Time

Up to 64 QAM can be used Resistance to multi-path interference by Cyclic Prefix. Friendly to MIMO.

Time frequency resource for User 3

OFDM vs OFDMA

Contents

Basic Principle Benefits and Drawbacks Key Technologies Application in DL Application in UL

OFDM Benefits

Dividing large bandwidth into small subcarriers, can be effectively against frequency-selective fading
It can be effectively against ISI, so it is suitable for high-speed data transmission in multi-path environment.

Spectrum efficiency is maximized. Because of the orthogonality between subcarriers, adjancent subchannels overlap. Modulation/demodulation can be achived by IFFT/FFT. Calculation is efficient and simple. It can achieve the different UL and DL transmission data rate by using different number of subchannels. It can take full advantage of high SNR subchannels to increase system throughput by dynamic subchannel allocation.

OFDM Drawbacks

Sensitive to frequency deviation:

Frequency shift occurred in transmission process(such as Doppler Shift), or the frequency difference between a receiver local oscillator and the carrier frequency of transmitter, would undermine the orthogonality between subcarriers of OFDM system, leading to inter-channel signal interference.

High PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio):

The output of OFDM modulation is the superposition of multiple subchannel. If the signal phases in multiple sub-channels are the same at a certain time, superimposed signal instantaneous power will be far greater than the signal average power, resulting in a high PAPR. High PAPR not only brings higher requirements on transmitter Power Amplifier (PA) linearity, but also reduces the amplifier efficiency.

Contents

Basic Principle Benefits and Drawbacks Key Technologies Application in DL Application in UL

Channel Estimation and Reference Symbols

To estimate the frequency-domain channel tap directly by inserting reference symbols(RS). Using knowledge about the RS, the receiver can estimate the frequencydomain channel around the location of the RS. The reference symbols should have a sufficiently high density in both the time and the frequency domain to estimate entire time/frequency grid.
One RB
One antenna port

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

l0

l6 l0

l6

TS36.211 DL RS, normal CP,1TX 18

Frequency Interleaving

The consequence bits are spread entire the frequency band.

19

AMC

AMC: Adaptive Modulation and Coding

OFDM can achieve dynamic adaption of the modulation sheme, coding scheme and bit amount on every subcarrier according to the fading situation of frequency-selective channel. Thus great performance enhancements can be achived in OFDM system.

Contents

Basic Principle Benefits and Drawbacks Key Technologies Application in DL Application in UL

OFDM Time-Frequency Structure

One downlink slot
Tslot

DL N symb OFDM

Resource Element

symbols
DL RB k N RB N sc 1

The smallest resource unit

elements

Resource Block

DL N symb

Resource block

RBresource N sc

subcarriers subcarriers

DL RB NRB Nsc

RB N sc

Resource element (k , l )

Contains 12 subcarriers in frequency domain Contains 7 OFDM symbols in time domain(6 OFDM symbols when Extended CP is used)

1 RB :

k 0
l0

DL N symb

180kHz (i.e. 12 x 15KHz )in frequency domain 0.5 ms (i.e. one slot)in time domain

Bandwidth Analysis
Nominal Bandwidth (MHz) Number of RB Frequency Domain Real Bandwidth (MHz)

1.4 6

3 15

5 25

10 50

15 75

20 100

1.08

2.7

4.5

13.5

18

Bandwidth = Sub-frame x No. of sub-frame in each RB x No. of RB Bandwidth of one sub-frame = 15KHz No. of sub-frame each RB = 12

Contents

Basic Principle Benefits and Drawbacks Key Technologies Application in DL Application in UL

Why SC-FDMA?

OFDM:

High PAPR Lower PA (Power Amplifier) efficiency Lower battery efficiency Not suitable for terminal Lower PAPR Higher PA efficiency Longer battery life Suitable for terminal DFT-S-OFDM (DFT-Spread-OFDM) is the implementation method of SC-FDMA in the frequency domain, which performs DFT-based precoding before IFFT modulation in the OFDM modulation process.

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA):

SC-FDMA: Uplink multiple access

System Bandwidth Single Carrier Sub-frame

Frequency

Time frequency resource for User 1 Time frequency resource for User 2

Time

Time frequency resource for User 3

Up to 16 QAM can be used Single carrier modulation achieves lower Peak to Average Ratio (PAPR)

FDMA is efficiently through FFT operation

achieved

OFDMA and SC-FDMA Comparison

DFT-S-OFDM Process

OFDM vs DFT-S-OFDM

OFDM PAPR is far higher than DFT-S-OFDM The higher modulation mode DFT-S-OFDM adopts, the higher PAPR it gets.

Zero Fill
Localized DFTS-OFDM Localized DFTS-OFDM

The output of the DFT is mapped to consecutive inputs of the IFFT.

The output of the DFT to equidistant inputs of the IDFT with zeros inserted in between.

SD-FDMA Multiple Access

Distributed DFT-S-OFDM Benefit/Drawback

Benefit of distributed DFT-S-OFDM

Possibility for additional frequency diversity as even a low-rate distributed DFTS-OFDM signal (small DFT size M) can be spread over a potentially very large overall BW. No single sub-carrier property More sensitivity to frequency errors and has higher requirements on power control

Drawback of distributed DFT-S-OFDM

Localized DFT-S-OFDM is adopted in LTE UL.

Summary

What is OFDM/OFDMA? OFDM Benefits/Drawbacks? Related Key Technologies? Why SC-FDMA? Difference between DFT-S-OFDM & OFDM? DFT-S-OFDM Types?