FDD-LTE Radio Link Budget

Contents

FDD-LTE link budget overview FDD-LTE UL Link budget FDD-LTE DL Link Budget Cell radius and areas

The process of FDD-LTE network planning

Link budget input and output

Coverage Inputs Area to be covered Targeted service at cell edge Indoor penetration level Network Information Incumbent network info LTE Frequency LTE Maximum bandwidth Coverage Outputs Cell Range Legacy Site Reuse Number of Sites

Link Budget RF Planning

Normal Link budget requirements

1 2

Request UL cell edge throughput

UL cell range DL throughput at cell range

Request DL cell edge throughput

DL cell range UL throughput at cell range

Request UL and DL cell edge throughput

UL cell range DL cell range Limited link and cell range

Request fixed cell radius

UL cell edge throughput DL cell edge throughput

Link budget model

Request cell edge throughput

Cell range

Request cell range

Throughput at cell edge

Shannon formula

C=W*log10(1+S/N)

Coverage

Capacity

Contents

FDD-LTE link budget overview FDD-LTE UL Link budget FDD-LTE DL Link Budget Cell radius and areas

UL Link budget process

Request cell edge throughput Assign RB # TBS & MCS

MIMO Conf.

SINR Rx receive sensitivity

Interference margin

MAPL Cell range

Other parameters

UL link budget Methodology

MAPL= Pmax Receive Sensitivity Losses Margins +Gains

UL Link budget
Request cell edge Throughput

Rx receive sensitivity

Example of 512kbps and Dense urban area

Assigned RB number
20kbps RB MCS 1 1 64kbps 2 2 128kbps 3 2 256kbps 6 3 384kbps 8 3 512kbps 10 3 768kbps 1024kbps 15 3 18 4

TBS

24

72

144

328

440

568

872

1288

Number of Resource Blocks

For a given MCS the TBS is given different numbers of resource blocks
RB number

TBS Table

Modulation & Coding Scheme

This determines the Modulation Order which in turn determines the TBS Index.

MCS Table

TBS and MCS

For 512kbps,If BLER=10%, TBS>568bit

512kbps 10 RB

MCS
25 20

MCS vs RB

MCS 3

15 10 5 0

512kpbs

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

RB number

Assign RB number
-100 -105 Receive Power SINR

512kpbs

-110 -115 -120 -125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

RB number

10RB is assigned for 512kbps

SINR

SINR Target depends on:

eNode-B equipment performance Radio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed) Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way) Targeted data rate and quality of service The Modulation and Coding Scheme Max allowed number of HARQ transmissions (Maximum of 4 on UL) HARQ BLER target (10% considered by default)

Derived from link level simulations or better by equipment measurements (lab or on-field measurements)

SINR
MIMO Conf.1T2R MCS 3 SINR:-1.79dB MIMO Conf.1T4R

Assign RB number

RB number

64kbps RB MCS SNR target(1*2)dB SNR target(1*4)dB 2 2 -0.3 -4.6

128kbps 4 1 -2.28 -6.1

256kbps 7 2 -2.38 -6.18

384kbps 8 3 -1.63 -5.46

512kbps 10 3 -1.79 -5.6

1024kbps 17 4 -1.19 -4.96

Rx receive sensitivity
Own cell signal
NF Noise Power

Request SNR

Reference SensitivityNoise Power+ Noise Figure +SNR

Dense Urban

Thermal Noise

Thermal noise power spectrum density

Noise power spectrum density=k*T

Where
KBoltzmann TKelvin

constant1.38110-23J/K)

temperature K

Assume T=290K17 Noise power spectrum density)=-174dBm/Hz

Thermal noise power

Noise power= Noise power spectrum density *Bandwidth Assume bandwidth=20MHz Effective bandwidth =18MHz Noise power (dB)=-174dBm/Hz+10log(18106) =-174+72.6=-101.4dBm

Receiver sensitivity
Reference SensitivityNF +10log(No) +10log(Bandwidth) +SNR

Morph Cell Edge User Throughput Assign # Resource Blocks kbps # KHz dB dB dBm

Dense Urban
512 10 1800 3 -4.0 -112.4

Urban 512 10 1800 3

Suburban 384 6 1080 3

Rural 128 3 540 3

Highway 256 4 720 3

Used Bandwidth
eNode-B Noise Figure SINR Request eNode-B Sensitivity

No dBm/Hz -174.0

-174.0
-3.8 -112.2

-174.0
-2.5 -113.2

-174.0
-2 -115.7

-174.0
-1.8 -114.2

UL interference margin

UL interference margin

UL Interference Margin

The Interference Margin is the interference rise over that of thermal noise due to other cell interference

Typical IM target considered in LTE link budgets is 3dB

Own cell signal Other cell interference

Required Received Signal

Request SINR
Interference level Interference Margin

Noise

UL Interference Margin

30

Noise Rise (dB)

25 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 50% cell load 3dB Noise Rise

Cell Load (%)

eNode B antenna gain

eNode B antenna gain

eNode B antenna gain

General antenna selection recommend for 2 way receive

Antenna Gain is about 18dBi

Horizontal Half-power Beam Width is about 65 Vertical Half-power Beam Width is about 7

Based on the engineering experience

Adjust Electrical Down tilt is by hand or by optional RCU (Remote Control Unit)

For the Polarization in dense urban, urban and suburban is X pol, rural areas
can use vertical pol.

Some case to cover highway or railway, it can select higher gain and narrower beam width antenna, (for example 21dBi and beam width is about 33)

Four Antenna configuration way

Case1

Case2

Case3

Four Antenna configuration way

Case2

Four Antenna configuration way

Case3

Four Antenna configuration way

Link level simulaiton

Four Antenna configuration way

Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Highway Cell Edge User Throughput kbps 512 Num. of Tx antenna Num. of Rx antenna Assign # Resource Blocks MCS TBS Case1 SINR Request Case2 SINR Request # # # # bit dB dB 1 4 10 3 568 -7.2 -5.4 512 1 4 10 3 568 -7.0 -4.5 384 1 4 6 4 408 -6.8 -3.3 128 1 4 3 2 144 -6.5 -4.4 256 1 4 4 4 256 -5.6 -3.8

Case3 SINR Request

dB

-4.0

-3.8

-2.5

-2

-1.8

SINR Request

Four Antenna configuration way

Dense Urban Suburban Rural Highway Urban 0.50 0.44 0.71 0.61 2.32 1.83 9.77 8.45 12.30 10.86

Morph Case1 Case2 km km km

Coverage

Case3

0.40

0.58

1.74

7.17

9.47

Dense Rural

urban, Urban and Suburban use Case3

and Highway can use Case2 if the situation permitted

Cable & connector losses

Cable & connector losses

Cable and connector loss

Each Connector Insertion Loss typical 0.05dB

Connector 1/2 in Jumper

The loss less than 0.5dB

The loss depend on the length of cable

7/8in cable optical fiber Assume: 7/8in cable 50m 1/2in cable 6m+4 connecter

700MHz:2dB 2.6GHz:4dB

TMA gain

TMA gain

TMA gain

TMA also called Mast Head Amplifier (MHA) Impact on link budget Reduces global Noise Figure Compensate cable losses The gain on link budget related to:

Antenna

Dual TMA
Duplexer LNA Duplexer Duplexer

Jumper Cable

LNA Duplexer

Feeder

Cable loss eNode NF TMA amplifier gain TMA NF

Jumper Cable

TX / RX

TXdiv / RXdiv

0.5 dB additional insertion loss on DL

eNode-B

Shadowing margin

Shadowing margin

Shadowing Margin

Shadowing Standard Deviation Cell Area Coverage Probability

Cell Edge Coverage Probability Shadowing Margin

10 dB 95% 87.7 % 11.7 dB 90% 77.7 % 7.7 dB

8 dB 95% 86.2 % 8.7 dB 90% 75.1 % 5.4 dB

7 dB 95% 84.9 % 7.2 dB 90% 73.3 % 4.3 dB

6 dB 95% 83.9 % 5.9 dB 90% 70.9 % 3.3 dB

Dense urban, Urban and Suburban Shadowing Standard Deviation is 8dB Rural and Highway Shadowing Standard Deviation is 6dB

Handoff gain

Handoff gain

Hard handover Gain

The hard handover gain is the value to reduce the shadowing margin

The hard handover gain is related to handoff hysteresis thresholds,

connection delays, coverage probability targets and shadowing standard deviations

The simulation result shows that the hard handover gain is about 2~4dB

Penetration and body loss

Penetration and body loss

Penetration loss
Penetration Margin (dB) 20 17 14 8
Related with Operators strategy

Environment Dense Urban Deep Indoor Urban - Indoor Suburban - Indoor Rural In car

Body loss

VoIP service3dB Data service0dB

Related with service

UE gain and Tx power

UE Antenna gain and Tx power

UL Link budget

MAPL= Pmax Receive Sensitivity Losses Margins +Gains

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

MAPL=12-1-2+3-4+5-6+7-8-9-10+11
Propagation model

Propagation model

Cost231-Hata (UP to1.5GHz)

Path Loss (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9 x log (f) 13.82 x log(hb) a(hm) +[44.9 6.55 x log (hb)] x log (R) + Kc

Okumura-Hata(150 MHz to 1500 MHz )

Path Loss (dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 x log (f) 13.82 x log(hb) a(hm) +[44.9 6.55 x log (hb)] x log (R) + Kc
Where
f

= Frequency of Transmission MHz =Base station Antenna Height (m) =UE Antenna Height (m) , 1.5m is normal.

hb

hm R

= Distance between the base and UE (km) = Morphology correction factor :Ant height correction factor = (1.1 x log (f) 0.7) x hm - (1.56 x log (f) 0.8)

Kc

a(hm)

Inter site distance and coverage area

Inter site distance and coverage area

UL Link budget

Contents

FDD-LTE link budget overview FDD-LTE UL Link budget FDD-LTE DL Link Budget Cell radius and areas

Different of UL and DL link budget

Own cell signal Adjacent cell interference Required Received Signal Request SINR

DL can not use same LB method With UL

UL

Noise

DL

DL link budget Methodology

DL Link budget character

115.4833E

115.5000E

115.5167E

38.8167N

115.4833E

115.5000E

115.5167E

38.7833N

Noise rise at cell edge (dB)

38.8167N

38.8000N

Assume: Adjacent site power load: 50% Geometry factor at cell edge :3dB

38.8000N 38.7833N

Dense urban cell range (km)

DL link budget approach

Cell range Other parameters MIMO Conf. MAPL SINR MCS&TBS Cell edge throughput G factor

Assign RB #

Request cell range

Throughput at cell edge

DL Link budget
Request cell range

DL Link budget
MIMO configuration eNode B Tx Power Same with UL

DL shadowing Margin

Shadowing Margin on signal

Shadowing Standard Deviation Cell Area Coverage Probability Cell Edge Coverage Probability Shadowing Margin Shadowing Standard Deviation 8dB 95% 86.2% 8 dB 90% 75.1% 95% 83.9% 6 dB 90% 70.9%

8.7 dB 5.4 dB 5.9 dB 3.3 dB 95% signal margin 8.7dB

DL Link budget

Adjacent cell power loading

Adjacent Tx Power load

Assume: Cell range : 500m Geometry factor at cell edge :3dB

SINR at cell edge (dB)

Adjacent cell Rx Power load(%)

Adjacent cell Rx Power load(%) SINR @cell edge(dB)

0 7.24

10% 4.11

20% 2.31

30% 1.04

40% 0.06

50% -0.74

60% -1.42

70% -2.00

80% -2.52

90% -2.98

100% -3.39

DL Link budget

Geometry at cell edge

Geometry factor
Not related to ISD
Geometry Rx Power Serving Site
Adjacent Site

Rx Power
All

System level simulation 19 18 7 17 6 16 15

8 9 2 3 11 1 5 13 14 4 12
5%CDF is cell edge G factor is -3dB

10

DL Link budget

SINR at cell edge

SINR

Assume: Adjacent site power load: 50% Geometry factor at cell edge :3dB

SINR at cell edge (dB)

Dense urban cell range (km)

DL Link budget

DL throughput at cell edge

DL Link budget
2T2R SFBC RB20 CFI1 SCME UrbanMicro 3km/hr Pol 3.3GHz 0 10 MCS0 MCS1 MCS3 MCS5 MCS7 MCS9 MCS12 MCS14 MCS16 MCS18 MCS20 MCS22 MCS25 MCS27 MCS28

BLER >=7%

10

-1

BLER

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

-10

-5

SINR >=-0.22dB

5 10 SNR(dB)

15

20

25

DL Link budget
100 RB

MCS 5

Throughput= TBS/TTI*(1-BLER)

DL Link budget

DL Link budget approach

Request cell edge throughput Assign RB # TBS& MCS MIMO Conf. SINR

MAPL
Cell range

Other parameters

Request cell edge throughput

Cell range

DL Link budget

How to get Assign # RB?

PathlossAtCellEdge

TxPowerEIRP 1 SINRT arget G AtCellEdge SINRT arget NoisePower

Contents

FDD-LTE link budget overview FDD-LTE UL Link budget FDD-LTE DL Link Budget Cell radius and areas

Limited link
UL cell radius DL cell radius

Cell radius based on coverage

Cell radius based on capacity

Final cell radius

Cell range and inter site distance

SOmin=2.60*R2 S3Sector=1.95*R2

Glossary

RB: Resource Block TBS: Transport Block Size MCS: Modulation & Coding Scheme SINR: Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output MAPL: Maximum Allowable Path Loss TMA: Tower Amplifier BLER: Block Error Ratio HARQ: Hybrid automatic repeat request SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio NF: Noise Figure ISD: Inter-station Distance CDF: Cumulated Distribution Function TTI: Transmission Time Interval