LTE Overview

Objects

After the course,you will:

Know Mobile Network Evolution Know LTE Protocol Standard Master the LTE Architecture Understand LTE Key Technology Master the eNodeB Function Know ZTE LTE Solution

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture and Benefits LTE Key Technology ZTE LTE Solution

Drivers of Mobile Network Evolution

Big Transition

Profitability

User Experience/ Dependency

Wireless Internet - A New Paradigm for Mobile Communication

Evolution Trend of Mobile Technology

GSM GPRS EDGE eEDGE

TDSCDMA WCDMA R99

HSPA

MC-HSPA MBMS HSUPA R6 MBMS HSPA+ R7

TDD

HSDPA R5

LTE

4G
FDD

cdma 1x

cdma 2000

cdma 2000 EV-DO

EV-DO Rev. A EV-DO Rev. B UMB 802.16 m

802.16 d

802.16 e

2G

2.5G

2.75G

3G

3.5G

3.75G

3.9G

4G

Multi-Standards Coexist : OFDM, OFDMA and MIMO, basic technologies in different standards, are employed in multi wireless access technology. Multi-frequency Coexistence: More frequency bands are available and standardized. Mobile Broadband: Increase spectrum utilization; reduce the cost of wireless data services; ready for multimedia-based services.

Evolution of Speed

Technologies Comparison
802.16e (WiMAX) HSPA+ LTE

FEATURE DATA RATE STANDARD

TDD MIMO

OFDMA 64QAM

FDD MIMO

WCDMA
64QAM DL

FDD TDD MIMO

OFDMA SC-FDMA
64QAM

BW: 1.25 ~ 20MHz

16QAM UL

BW: 5MHz

1.4 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 20MHz

63.36Mbps DL
2*2 10MHz

42Mbps DL
2*2 5MHz

150Mbps DL
2*2 20MHz

28.22Mbps UL
2*2 10MHz

11.5Mbps UL
5MHz

75Mbps UL
2*2 20MHz

2005.12 New spectrum

2008. Q3 3G spectrum

2009. Q3 3G spectrum New spectrum

Organizations Leading in LTE Ecosystem

NGMN

3GPP
Standard

LSTI

Key Requirements
Enhanced Coverage

Enhanced Spectrum Efficiency

Peak Data Rate DL100Mbps UL50Mbps

Variety of Bandwidth

Less Latency CP100ms UP5ms

Less OPEX and CAPEX

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture and Benefits LTE Key Technology ZTE LTE Solution

LTE/SAE System Architecture Evolution

PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function

HSS: Home Subscriber Server

GERAN

MME: Mobile Management Entity

SGSN
UTRAN S3 S1-MME

HSS
S6a

MME
S4 S11 S10 LTE-Uu
UE

PCRF
S7 Rx+

E-UTRAN
S1-U

Serving Gateway

S5

PDN Gateway

SGi Operator's IP Services (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)

E-UTRAN Structure
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW

EPC
S1

Mobility Management Serving Gateway Interface between MME/SGW & eNodeB

RNC

EPS
eNodeB

EUTRAN
eNodeB

X2 X2

X2

Node B

eNodeB

eNodeB

Interface between eNodeBs Only one Node in E-UTRAN eNodeB Evolved Packet Core EPC Evolved Packet System EPS Flexible band width Higher spectrum efficiency

High peak rate, Lower latency

EUTRAN/EPC Function Module

eNB Inter Cell RRM RB Control Connection Mobility Cont. Radio Admission Control eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC RLC MAC S1 PHY SAE Gateway Mobility Anchoring PDCP MME NAS Security Idle State Mobility Handling SAE Bearer Control

internet

E-UTRAN

EPC

eNodeB Function
Radio Resource Management

Compression and encryption

Selection MME

Routing

eNodeB

Scheduling and transmission

Measurement and measurement reporting CSG handling

MME Function
NAS signalling AS Security control Idle mode UE Reachability Tracking Area list management PDN GW/Serving GW/MME/SGSN

MME

Roaming Authentication

SGW Function
Mobility anchoring

E-UTRAN idle mode downlink packet buffering and initiation

Lawful Interception

Packet routeing and forwarding

SGW
Transport level packet marking

UL and DL charging per UE, PDN

PDN GW Function
Per-user based packet filtering

Lawful Interception

UE IP address allocation Transport level packet marking in the downlink

PDN GW

UL and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement; DL rate enforcement based on AMBR

Compare the Architecture of LTE with 3G

Flat and IP-based Network Architecture for LTE

WCDMA/HSPA
MSCS HLR GGSN HSS

LTE Flat Structure

Without RNC Less investment

MME

x-GW

PCRF

Easy maintenance Reduce transmission delay

MGW
RNC

SGSN RNC

EPC

IP Backbone
Node B Node B

IP Backbone
eNode B eNode B

Better reliability
MME/x-GW Integrates CN & partial RNC functions eNode B

Flat network structure and IP-based network can reduce the TCO of LTE network.

Full function of Node B and major function of RNC

LTE Characteristics
LTE Key Technologies

LTE Highlights
Higher Peak Data Rate: Instantaneous data rate of 150Mbps for downlink and 50Mbps for uplink in 20MHz

OFDM Modulation

64QAM

Higher Spectrum Efficiency: 3-4 times of HSDPA, 2-3 times of HSUPA

LTE Requirements

Flexible Spectrum Allocation: Scalable channel bandwidth configuration, Support both FDD & TDD

Better Business Experience: Lower latency with less than 5ms in ideal conditions

Evolution Path of LTE Standards

LTE R8

LTE-A R9 R10

R11
LTE-Advanced Higher efficiency and throughput

Data Service Commercial Ready

Data & VoIP Large-scale commercial networking

So far, initial commercial deployments are mainly based on R8

Large scale commercial networking begins from 2011-2012

R8 can fulfill the requirements of initial commercialization; R10 is a complete version for large-scale commercialization

LTE Frequency and Bandwidth

E-UTRAN Band 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ... 33 34 35 36 37 1900 MHz 2010 MHz 1850 MHz 1930 MHz 1910 MHz 2570 MHz 1880 MHz 2300 MHz 1920 MHz 2025 MHz 1910 MHz 1990 MHz 1930 MHz 2620 MHz 1920 MHz 2400 MHz 1900 MHz 2010 MHz 1850 MHz 1930 MHz 1910 MHz 2570 MHz 1880 MHz 2300 MHz 1920 MHz 2025 MHz 1910 MHz 1990 MHz 1930 MHz 2620 MHz 1920 MHz 2400 MHz TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD UL: eNode B receive, UE transmit FUL_low FUL_high 1920 MHz 1850 MHz 1710 MHz 1710 MHz 824 MHz 830 MHz 2500 MHz 880 MHz 1749.9 MHz 1710 MHz 1427.9 MHz [TBD] 777 MHz 788 MHz 1980 MHz 1910 MHz 1785 MHz 1755 MHz 849 MHz 840 MHz 2570 MHz 915 MHz 1784.9 MHz 1770 MHz 1452.9 MHz [TBD] 787 MHz 798 MHz DL: eNode B transmit, UE receive FDL_low FDL_high 2110 MHz 1930 MHz 1805 MHz 2110 MHz 869 MHz 875 MHz 2620 MHz 925 MHz 1844.9 MHz 2110 MHz 1475.9 MHz [TBD] 746 MHz 758 MHz 2170 MHz 1990 MHz 1880 MHz 2155 MHz 894MHz 885 MHz 2690 MHz 960 MHz 1879.9 MHz 2170 MHz 1500.9 MHz [TBD] 756 MHz 768 MHz Duplex Mode FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD

38
39 40

Strong and Healthy LTE Industry Chain

3GPP Org. Partners Chipset Provider Terminals Provider Network Provider Instruments Provider

LTE Benefits for Operators and Users

User Experience ARPU
Throughput Latency

Investment Protection
Reuse of Sites and infrastructure

Backhauling Frequency bands

HSPA

LTE

HSPA

LTE

Low Cost per Mbps

cost per Mbps

Scalable bandwidth
Optimized spectrum usage

3G

HSPA

HSPA+

LTE

LTE Enriches the Mobile Services

Mobile Broadband Changes the Future Life
Mobile Email Netmeeting HD Video Conference Video Sharing Video Blog Video Chat Information

Video on Demand Online Game HD video streanming

Mobile Shopping Mobile Bank Mobile Stock

LTE improves user experience by high capacity, quick response, high data-rate and better QoS.

LTE Improves Broadband Applications

Online Gaming <50 ms Latency

Live Video/ Video Blogging DL 6-8Mbps/UL 2Mbps

Permanent Sync. DL/UL 1-2Mbps

HD Video Streaming (720i or 1080i) DL 6-10Mbps

LTE Investment World Map

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture and Benefits LTE Key Technology ZTE LTE Solution

Key Technology Evolution

1G FDMA 2G TDMA 3G CDMA

LTE OFDM+MIMO+IP

LTE enhanced technology: OFDM, MIMO

LTE Key Technology Overview

OFDM MIMO AMC HARQ Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling ICIC (Inter Cell Interference Cancellation)

Link Adaptive Technology

Link adaptive technology can be realized by two methods: power control and data speed control. Normally, the link adaptive technology is data speed control. In LTE, it is the Adaptive Modulation and Coding technology. AMC can make eNode B duly adjust modulation mode(QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) and coding rate according to channel status which is feed back by UE. For the long-delay packet data, AMC can improve the system capacity but no interference to the neighbor cell.

Link Adaptive Technology-Power Control

Dynamically adjust Tx power, maintain the receivers SNR, consequently guarantee link transmission quality. When the channel condition becomes worse, it needs increasing Tx power; when the channel condition becomes better, it needs reducing Tx power. Then this can guarantee the invariable transmission data speed.
Power control can avoid inner-cell users interference

Tx Power

Channel Quality

Data Speed

Link Adaptive Technology-AMC

SINR

Modulation mode
adaptive

Coding speed adaptive

UE 3 UE 2

UE 1

Make the best of channel condition to transmit user data

Better Conditionuse higher speed transmit user data Worse Condition use lower speed transmit user data
UE 3 UE 2 SINR

TTI 1

TTI 2

TTI 3

TTI k

TTI m

Time

Time Domain-AMC Frequency Domain -AMC Space Domain-AMC

UE 1

SubBand 1 SubBand 2 SubBand 3 SubBand k

SubBand m

Frequency

Link Adaptive Technology-AMC

To ensure link quality can be realized by adjusting modulation mode and coding speed when the Tx power is not changeable. When the channel condition is worse, choose the lower modulation mode and data speed. When the channel condition is better, choose the higher modulation mode and data speed.
Data control can make the best of all power

Tx Power

Channel Quality

Data Speed

Link Adaptive Technology-LTE Uplink and Downlink Adaptive

CQI 0 Modulation

LTE uplink adaptive technology is based on uplink channel quality tested by BS, and straightly confirm the modulation mode and coding speed. LTE downlink adaptive technology is based on CQI feed back by UE and select the corresponding modulation mode and coding speed from predefined table.

Coding speed x 1024 Out of scale

Efficiency

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

QPSK
QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

78
120 193 308 449 602 378 490 616 466 567 666 772 873 948

0.1523
0.2344 0.3770 0.6016 0.8770 1.1758 1.4766 1.9141 2.4063 2.7305 3.3223 3.9023 4.5234 5.1152 5.5547

HARQ
FECForward Error Correction ARQAutomatic Repeat reQuest HARQ=FEC+ARQ

FEC Communication System

Data Transmission

FEC Coding

Channel

FEC Decoding

Data Receiver

Advantage:

Disadvantage:
Lower

Higher system transmission efficiency error correct, no feed back

reliability

Automatic

Lower channel adaptive ability To guarantee higher reliability, it needs

and retransmission

Lower time delay

longer code. So the coding efficiency is lower, the complexity and cost are higher.

ARQ Communication System

Data Transmission
Channel

Data Receiver

ACK/NACK

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Complexity is lower
Reliability is higher is higher

Continuity and real-time ability is

lower
Transmission

Adaptability

efficiency is lower

HARQ Mechanism
Forward Channel FEC Coding After receiving ACK, transmit the next packet After receiving NACK, retransmit the original packet FEC error verify and check After receiving the correct packet, send the ACK. Otherwise, send NACK.

Reverse Controller

HARQ combines ARQ high reliability and FEC high efficiency

HARQ Characteristic

N-Process Stop-and-Wait HARQ transmits and retransmits the transmission block. Downlink

Asynchronous adaptive HARQ ACK/NACK is transmitted by PUCCH or PUSCH. PDCCH indicates HARQ program number, initial transmission or retransmission. Retransmission always is always scheduled by PDCCH. Synchronous HARQ Configure the maximum retransmission times for each UE. ACK/NACK is transmitted by PHICH.

Uplink

HARQ- adaptive/non-adaptive HARQ

The HARQ processing is introduced into 3GPP from R5 HSDPA, and reused in LTE. eNodeB supports both Chase-Combing (CC) HARQ and IncrementalRedundancy (IR) HARQ. CC HARQ uses the same redundancy version (RV) among all the transmission and retransmissions. IR HARQ uses the different redundancy version (RV) among all the transmission and retransmissions, to achieve the maximum combining gain. The DL HARQ in LTE is an asynchronous adaptive one, which means the retransmission can be arranged at any time after NACK is received for last transmission, and the retransmission can use wireless resources different with that of last transmission. eNodeB supports UL synchronous non-adaptive and adaptive HARQ processing, which means the retransmission have to occur in dedicated sub-frame after NACK is received for last transmission, while the retransmission can use the same or different wireless resources from last transmission.

Channel Scheduling(1)

For one resource block, it will select the user with the best channel transmission condition to schedule to maximize the system throughput.
Multi-user diversity
Channel Quality BS valid channel change

User1
User2 User3

time

Channel Scheduling(2)

LTE supports channel scheduling based on frequency domain.

Time domain decline Time domain decline

DownlinkBased on common reference signal UplinkBased on test reference signal

User#1 scheduling User#2 scheduling

Fast Scheduling

Fast scheduling is namely packet scheduling. It means fast service.

Scheduling Principle

Round Robin(RR) Max C/I Proportional Fairness(PF)

Scheduling Methods: TDM, FDM, SDM

Fast Scheduling
Polling based on time
Each user is served one by one, and has the same average server time. But the flux for each user is different due to the diverse environment. No matter what kind of environment the user is located in, the user can be served one by one and be guaranteed to get the same flux. System will trace the wireless channels C/I of each user, and confirm the users priority by C/I to ensure the served user at each moment have the maximum C/I Integrate the methods above, look after the most portion users satisfaction, and guarantee the higher system throughput.

Polling based on flux

Max C/I

PF

ICIC

ICIC(Inter Cell Interference Cancellation)

Scrambling Frequency-Hopping Transmit Beamforming and IRC Inter Cell Interference Coordination Power Control

ICIC-Scrambling

LTE makes use of sequence randomization to avoid inter cell interference. Normally, scrambling is after the channel coding, and before the modulation. It is bit-scrambling.

PDSCH PUCCH format 2/2a/2b PUSCH Scrambling sequence is related with UE id, cell id and slot start position. PMCH Scrambling sequence is related with MBSFN id and slot start position. PBCHPCFICHPDCCH Scrambling sequence is related with cell id and slot start position.

PHICHs scrambling is after modulation when the sequence is expanding Scrambling sequence is related with cell id and slot start position.
User 1 interleaving Scrambling

ICIC- Frequency Hopping Transmit

LTE supports Frequency-Hopping transmission in downlink and uplink, it can randomize the inter cell interference.

Except PBCH, the other downlink physical control channels resource mapping is related with cell id. PDSCH, PUSCH and PUCCHs Frequency Hopping transmission is in sub-frame. PUSCHs Frequency Hopping transmission happens among the sub-frames.

ICIC-Beamforming

Increase the expected users signal strength. Decrease the interference to the other users. Specially, if beamforming has known the location of the user who was interfered, it will reduce the power to this location.
expected user

Interfered user

ICIC-IRC

IRC (Interference Rejection Combining) When the receiver has multi-antennas, the receiver can use the multi-antennas to decrease the inter-users interference. The principle is to weight the received signal, restrain the strong interference.

Target BS

Interference BS

downlink

uplink

Interference MS

ICIC- Inter Cell Interference Coordination(1)

LTE supports static ICIC algorithms. And there is no load information exchange through X2 interface for static ICIC. Based on RSRP measurement on serving cell and neighboring cells of the same frequency, UE can be divided into two groups: cell center users and cell edge users. The cell center users, whose received signal strengthen of serving cell is better than neighbors, are not likely to interfere or be interfered by users in neighbor cells; Based on cell topology and frequency division method (Fractional FR or Soft FR), all PRB resources can be classified into cell edge preference and cell center dedicated PRBs, without overlapping. These PRB resources can be allocated statically, or semi-statically; The frequency reuse factor for Fractional FR is 1 for cell central users, and 3 for cell edge users.

ICIC- Inter Cell Interference Coordination(2)

Frequency Resource Coordination

Power Resource Coordination

ICIC-Power Control

Inter-Cell Power Control To control the target cell IoT by informing the IoT to the other cell. Intra-Cell Power Control Compensate the path loss and shadow fading to save the UE transmission power, try to decrease the interference to the other cells, keep the IoT under a certain level.

Expected Signal

Target Cell TPC Overload Indicator Non-Target Cell

Power Control

Power control is used in PUSCH, PUSCH and SRS.

PUSCH TPC is given by PUSCHs scheduling signaling(DCI format 0) or multiplexed with other users TPC(DCI format 3/3A). PUCCHs TPC is given by PDSCHs scheduling signaling(DCI format 0) or multiplexed with other users TPC(DCI format 3/3A). SRS has no specific TPC, it borrows PUSCHTPC, and be informed the power warp by higher layer.

Contents

Mobile Network Evolution LTE Architecture and Benefits LTE Key Technology ZTE LTE Solution

Unified SDR Base Station Platform

Smooth evolution

Green

Uni-RAN always with you

Low TCO

TDSCDMA

LTE GSM UMTS

CDMA

Support multi-mode/multi-band GSM/UMTS/CDMA/LTE 700M/DD/900M/1800M/AWS/2.1G/2.6G The SDR base station shipments rank No.1 in the world.

Smooth Evolution from ZTE Uni-RAN Base Station to LTE

ZTE SDR Platform
CDMA LTE

Cost effective solution

CDMA/LTE multi-mode platform

ZTE SDR
CDMA2000 1X

Upgrade software and add the baseband module

Upgrade software and add the baseband module CDMA2000 1X CDMA2000 EV-DO

LTE and CDMA enhancement

CDMA2000CDMA2000 1X+EV-DOLTE/CDMA Adding the baseband module and RRU for enhanced functions. ZTE SDR base stations can be quickly deployed and protect carriers long-term investments.

ZTE CDMA-LTE Evolution Case (Different Bands)

700M Band Class 800M Band Class

LTE(5M) > 100MHz

CDMA

CDMA RRU

LTE RRU

PM FS PM SA CC CC

CDMA 1X CDMA EV-DO F A N

PM FS PM SA CC CC

CDMA 1X CDMA EV-DO LTE LTE F A N

For different bands, add RRUs and LTE channel units.

ZTE CDMA-LTE Evolution Case (Same Band)

1900M Band Class

CDMA

LTE(5M or10M)
< 20MHz

CDMA CDMA and RRU LTE RRU

PM FS PM SA CC CC

CDMA 1X CDMA EV-DO F A N

PM FS PM SA CC CC

CDMA 1X CDMA EV-DO LTE LTE F A N

For the same band, share the RRU and add LTE channel units.

Antenna and Feeder Sharing

Traditional Solution
Optimization Solution

800M ANT

700M ANT

700M & 800M Dual-band antenna

CDMA RRU

LTE RRU

CDMA RRU

LTE RRU

ZTE SDR Product Family

1 2 3

ZTE SDR Product Features

Full series
Unified hardware platform Multi-mode/Multi-band & smooth evolution

ZXSDR RRU ZXSDR B8200 ZXSDR BS8700 + 4 5

ZXSDR BS8900A

ZXSDR BS8800 ZXSDR BS8906

All IP
Unified network management Green network solution Low TCO

2G/3G/4G Collocation Site

Indoor ZXSDR BS8800
Feeder Power Trans
Indoor Installation Outdoor Installation

C/L Dual-Mode

Battery Power Transmission Distributed BBU&RRU

Device sharing C/L Dual-Mode Feeder Fiber BBU Installed In SSC Cabinet SSC Battery Power Transmission RRU Ground Installation Equipment room sharing Power supply and battery sharing Iron tower and pole sharing

B8200

Feeder sharing

Flexible Deployment
RRU

On the pole BBU in any 19 inch rack BBU & RRU indoor installed on a standing pole

On the Wall

BBU
On the Wall

Small size Flexible deployment Easy installation & maintenance

In BTS Rack

In Transmission Rack

20%~30% CAPEX Saving 30%~50% Deployment Time Saving

Transmission Solution
TDM E1 IP over E1 Abis E1/STM-1/GE

Fiber

BSC
CDMA
IMA E1 FE/GE

Microwave

PTN/CE

Iub E1/STM-1/GE

RNC MSC
Copper
GE/10GE

LTE

FE/GE

OTN

SGSN

x-GW
L2 ACC L3/L2 AGG
GE/10GE

Mobile backhaul (Packet Transport Network )

SR/BRAS

All mobile scenarios Uni-transmission for 2G/3G/LTE All-packet core, PWE3, CESoPSN, high-efficiency transmission E2E OAM and protection, lower OPEX Flexible sync solution, high-precision performance Multi-media access Providing fiber, copper, microwave access