Nature

Purpose
Materials Teacher Testing

Theory
Techniques Student Skills

Classical
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

Till 1880. Grammar-Translation

Greek & Latin Erudition

Focus on Grammar
Translation of texts

Testing
Skills

Classical
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

Till 1880. Grammar-Translation

Testing
Skills

Classical
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

Till 1880. Grammar-Translation

Classics of the target language Bilingual wordlist

Testing
Skills

Classical
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

Till 1880. Grammar-Translation

Deductive application of rules Asking factual questions

Exercises
Memorisation Translation of passages L1 is the medium of instruction

Testing
Skills

Classical
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

Till 1880. Grammar-Translation

Know-it-all Dictator

One-way-monologue

Testing
Skills

Classical
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

Till 1880. Grammar-Translation

Passive reader Passive writer

Active translator

Testing
Skills

Classical
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

Till 1880. Grammar-Translation

Synonyms and antonyms in isolation Composition

Factual questions
Structure identification

Testing
Skills

Classical
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

Till 1880. Grammar-Translation

Testing
Skills

Direct
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)

Spontaneous use of language

Testing
Skills

Direct
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)

L2 Learning = L1 Learning No translation

Little use of grammatical rules

Testing
Skills

Direct
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)

Speaking , hence less printed materials

Testing
Skills

Direct
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)

Instruction in the target language Inductive approach to grammar

Everyday vocabulary was taught

Concrete vocab. > pictures & objects Abstract vocab. > association of ideas

Testing
Skills

Direct
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)

Know-it-all

Testing
Skills

Direct
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)

Active speakers Passive listeners

Testing
Skills

Direct
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)

Speaking

Testing
Skills

Direct
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)

Speaking

Testing
Skills

Audio-Ling
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

America . 1944: Army Method . 1950: AL Britain Str. Situ . India: 1960s: S-O-S

Oral communication to the allies and the enemies Listening Received pronunciation

Testing
Skills

Audio-Ling
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: AL Britain Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-S

Psychology (1924-1957) Watson, Thorndike, Skinner, Ivan Pavlov

Tried to know how animals/birds learnt

Learning = Series of habits + Stimulus-Response bonds Applied to human beings

Linguistics Palmer, Bloomsfield, Fries, Lado, Hornby

Testing
Skills

Language = Set of structures

Audio-Ling
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: AL Britain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-S

Textbooks & Cassettes Selection, gradation, presentation

Grammar exercises in context

This boy has played / jumped He is playing / jumping

Substitution tables

Testing
Skills

Audio-Ling
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: AL Britain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-S

Presentation > Practice > Production P = Teacher or the record

P = Controlled choral repetition

Memorization of dialogues Reading aloud

P = Mechanical reproduction

Error free
Subordination of L1 Early & continued training of ear/tongue

Testing
Skills

Words taught in context

Learning of structure through repetition

Audio-Ling
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: AL Britain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-S

Various kinds of drills

01. Repetition 02. Inflection 03. Replacement 04. Restatement 05. Completion

06. Transposition
07. Expansion 08. Contraction 09. Transformation 10. Integration 11. Rejoinder 12. Restoration

Testing
Skills

Audio-Ling
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: AL Britain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-S

Slave to the textbook Rigid

Zero tolerance towards error

Against creativity

Testing
Skills

Audio-Ling
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: AL Britain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-S

Slave to the teacher Ape

Testing
Skills

Audio-Ling
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: AL Britain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-S

Reading aloud Dictation (pronunciation)

Composition

Testing
Skills

Audio-Ling
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: AL Britain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-S

Speaking? Controlled Listening? Restricted

Testing
Skills

Designer
Silent Way
Gattegno (1972) Cognition based Problem-solving Autonomy & Cooperative learning

1970-1980s: Psychological factors in learning.

TPR
Total Physical Response (1977) James Asher Children first gesticulate Respond to language input with movements Relax and less anxious

Suggestopedia
Lozanov (1979) Psychological research in Soviet Russia Relax to retain Students become suggestible

CLL
Community Language Learning Charles A Curren (1972) Paul La Forge (student, 1983) Teacher as counsellor Student as client Emphatic understanding

Teacher - silent

Bilingual
Student autonomy retained

CLT
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learner

Communication Acquire language skills

Testing
Skills

CLT
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learner

Against Banking Theory Communicate for meaning Psychology Humanism Less Anxiety Error Tolerance Freedom to be creative Cooperative learning Linguistics No pattern of learning Structures Interlanguage Sociology Vygotsky

Testing
Skills

CLT
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learner

Authentic Culturally sifted

Means to communicative end.

Testing
Skills

CLT
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learner

Authentic tasks Awareness raising

Materials are culturally sifted

Problem-solving approach Encourages self and peer-assessment Individual differences taken care of

Testing
Skills

CLT
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learner

Facilitator Consultant

Coordinator
Co-communicator

Testing
Skills

CLT
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learner

Creator Leader

Manager
Any role given to him/her

Testing
Skills

CLT
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learner

Real-life tasks Simulated materials

Testing
Skills

CLT
Purpose Theory Materials Techniques Teacher Student

1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learner

All language skills

Testing
Skills

CC

!!!

GT
20% of Linguistic

DM

20% of Linguistic

AL
Linguistic Sociolinguistic

Discourse Strategic

CLT

Thank You