ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ENVIRONMENT How was the world a long time ago?

ENVIRONMENT How is the world today?

Environment and Pollution

Environment: Surrounding in which an organization operates. Includes air,water,land, natural resources,flora and fauna, human beings and their interrelationship Environmental Pollution: The adverse impact resulting from an organizations activities that create change to the environment.

Types of Environmental Pollution

1. Air pollution.
2. Water pollution.
3. Noise pollution.

4. Land contamination.

AIR POLLUTION

AIR
Atmosphere is a reservoir of several elements and

compounds that sustains life on the planet earth.

Atmosphere mainly consists of Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (1%), and other minor constituents like Carbon-di-oxide, Neon, Hydrogen, ozone, water vapour etc.

AIR POLLUTION Phenomenon: Imbalance in air quality Cause:Presence of foreign substances

Source: Natural and anthropogenic sources

AIR POLLUTION Harmful Air pollutants

Total

Suspended Particulate Matter Oxides of nitrogen and Sulphur Carbon monoxide and dioxide Hydrocarbons Metal Contaminants

Impacts of air pollution

Human Beings: Eye irritation,allergy,Asthma,Lung cancer etc, Plants: Suppressed Natural growth and decreased yield. Deleterious effects on animals Damage to materials
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AIR POLLUTION Present Scenario

New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata--are among the world's most polluted. According to the WHO, Delhi is the fourth most polluted city in the world in terms of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) 3 million premature deaths in the world that occur each year due to outdoor and indoor air pollution, the highest number are assessed to occur in India Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies

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AIR POLLUTION
In Delhi 3,000 metric tones of pollutants belched out everyday, close to two-third (66%)is from vehicles. 65 per cent of the people in Delhi are estimated to suffer from morning cough and other respiratory symptoms. In Delhi one out of every 10 school children suffers from asthma due to vehicular pollution. Thermal power plants contribute approximately 13% of air pollution. The main pollutants from thermal power plant are stack emissions, fly ash generation and fugitive emission in coal handling

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Case Study

A World Bank conducted study on the health effects of air pollution in Delhi revealed that suspended particulate matter in Delhi alone led to premature deaths of 7491 persons in 1991-1992."

A study conducted by Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute reports that In New Delhi two of every five residents suffer from lung, liver, or genetic disorders due to highly-polluted air."
Furthermore, children living in Delhi are up to three times more likely to suffer from respiratory disorders than children in other parts of India. However, those who are most at risk are people who work in close proximity to automobiles such as taxi drivers and blue-collar workers."
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WATER POLLUTION

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WATER
Hydrosphere (water) constitutes about 75% of the earth's surface in various forms. Water is called as a "universal solvent" as it is capable of dissolving more substances than any other liquid, and also possesses few unique properties, which no other solvents exhibit. Hence water is utilized extensively in all our activities leading to contamination of this resource. Though, the water resource can be termed as renewable resource, improper utilization and also few destructive activities of man can make water a finite resource.
Water Resource

Marine water Resource (97%)

Fresh water Resource (3%)

Glaciers & Ice caps (75%)

Ground water sources (24.567%)

Surface water (0.33%)

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WATER POLLUTION
Phenomenon: Degradation of water quality Cause:Presence of substances that constitute hazard or impair its usefulness Source: Natural and anthropogenic sources

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Harmful Water pollutants

Organic matter and microorganisms Heavy metals and chemical substances Nitrates, phosphates,chlorides,sulphates Insecticides and pesticides

Impacts of water pollution

Health hazards: Cholera, Gastroenteritis,Jaundice, Malaria etc., Decreased potability of water Retarded growth and yield of crops Effect on structure and Function of aquatic ecosystem

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Present scenario
In India 70% of water resource is already contaminated by biological, toxic organic and inorganic pollutants.

It is estimated that 75% to 80% of water pollution by volume is caused by domestic sewage.
The industrial sector only accounts for 3% of the annual water withdrawals in India Wastewater generation from this sector has been estimated at 55,000 million m3 per day, of which 68.5 million m3 are dumped directly into local rivers and streams without prior treatment
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Present scenario
The major industries causing water pollution include: distilleries, sugar, textile, electroplating, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, pulp & paper mills, tanneries, dyes and dye intermediates, petro-chemicals, steel plants etc

The rapid increase in agro-chemical use in the past five decades,causing both surface and ground water pollution. More than 1.5m children under five die each year because they lack access to safe water and proper sanitation
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"Minamata Disease".
Minamata is a small factory town,located in Kumamoto Japan. Manufacture of fertilizers,carbacile,plastics, drugs, and perfumes through the use of a chemical called acetaldehyde (acetaldehyde is produced using mercury as a compound)in 1932, started dumping an estimated 27 tons of mercury compounds into Minamata Bay From 1932 to 1968, thousands of people whose normal diet included fish from the bay, unexpectedly developed symptoms of methyl mercury poisoning. Mid-1950's people begin to notice a strange disease, (Minamata Disease) Speech became slurred, and their vision constricted.

Some people had serious brain damage.

Some victims were began to uncontrollably shout. Birds were strangely dropping from the sky etc.
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NOISE POLLUTION

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NOISE POLLUTION
Phenomenon: Discomfort or Nuisance Cause: Undesirable sound Source: Anthropogenic sources

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EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION

Physiological Effects

Short term effects include: Muscular responses Respiratory tellexes Cardiovascular responses Eye dilation Gastrointestinal

Long term effects include: Increased general stress Elevated blood pressure Stroke/heart attack Hearing impairment Sleep interference Speech interference

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LAND CONTAMINATION

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LAND CONTAMINATION Phenomenon: Degradation of fertile lands

Cause : Presence of foreign substances

Sources: Anthropogenic sources

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LAND CONTAMINATION

Sources of Soil Pollution:

Solid wastes generated in the urban areas. Usage of excess of Fertilizers and Insecticides. Improper agricultural practices Release of effluents from the Industrial activities

Effects of Soil Pollution:

Loss of fertile land for cultivation Affects the growth of plants on the contaminated soil. Bio-magnification of certain toxic chemicals if present in the soil. Presence of certain heavy metals and other nuclides in the contaminated soil affects animals and humans.

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LAND CONTAMINATION
CASE STUDY

The Dungarpur district of Rajasthan, one of the worst drought affected districts in the country has lost most of its grain producing capacity. Many local people, who twenty to thirty years ago, used to be self sufficient in maize and wheat, now eat Australian wheat which they receive through the government drought relief programs. The people state that this wheat is less nutritive than the local grains they used to produce earlier.

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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Global Impacts of Environmental pollution: 1. Global warming 2. Acid rain 3. Ozone depletion 4. Desertification 5. Deforestation

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GLOBAL WARMING

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GLOBAL WARMING
Warming up of the earth's surface due to blanketing effect caused by the presence of certain gases in the atmosphere is known as "global warming". This phenomenon is termed as "green house gas effect"..

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GLOBAL WARMING
Phenomenon: Progressive warming up of the earth's surface Cause: Blanketing effect by Green House
Gases

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Green house gases:

1. Carbon-dioxide. 2. Methane. 3. Nitrous oxide.

4. CFCs
Sources of GHG Emissions are: Fossil fuel based Power Plants, Emissions from automobiles, Emissions from Industrial activities, Burning of Fossil fuels and Hydrocarbons.
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Global Warming in U.S.

Since the early 1950s, snow accumulation has declined 60 percent and winter seasons have shortened in some areas of Washington. In 2002,floods caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage in Texas, Montana and North Dakota. In 2003, extreme heat waves caused more than 20,000 deaths in Europe and more than 1,500 deaths in India. The area of the Arctic's perennial polar ice cap is declining at the rate of 9 percent per decade.

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Global Warming in Asia:

India-Glaciers in the Himalayas are retreating at an average rate of 50 feet (15 m) per year At this rate scientists predict the loss of all central and eastern Himalayan glaciers by 2035. Southern India: Heat wave, May 2002. In the state of Andhra Pradesh temperatures rose to 120 F, resulting in the highest oneweek death toll on record. Llasa, Tibet - Warmest June on record, 1998. Temperatures hovered above 77F for 23 days. Tien Shan Mountains, China - Glacial ice reduced by one quarter in the past 40 years.
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Global Warming in Asia:

Taiwan - The average temperature for the island has risen 1.8-2.5F (1-1.4C) in the last 100 years. The average temperature for 2000 was the warmest on record. Korea -Severe flooding struck during July and August, 1998, with daily rainfall totals exceeding 10 inches (25.4 cm). Pakistan - Longest drought on record, 1999-2001 Tajikistan - Lowest rainfall in 75 years, 2001 Korea - Worst drought in 100 years of record, 2001.
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Abatement strategies to reduce GHG Emissions:

Reduce consumption of fossil fuel based energy
Improve

efficiency in fossil fuel based energy production of GHG emissions from automobiles and industrial activities

Reduction

Promote

Renewable energy production technologies in deforestation and increase of afforestation Programmes

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Reduction

ACID RAIN

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ACID RAIN
Phenomenon: Fall in pH level of rainwater below 5.6
Cause: Formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid due to reaction between air pollutants and rainwater.

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Gases causing acid rain:

1. Sulphur dioxide
2. Carbon dioxide 3. Nitrous oxide

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Effects of Acid rain

Trees:Acid rain can make trees lose their leaves or needles, The
needles and leaves of the trees turn brown and fall off. Trees can also suffer from stunted growth; and have damaged bark and leaves, which makes them vulnerable to weather, disease, and insects.

Lakes:Fish usually die only when the acid level of a lake is high
Also, birds can die from eating "toxic" fish and insects.

Architecture:Acid rain can damage buildings, stained glass,

railroad lines, airplanes, cars, steel bridges, and underground pipes

Human:Many can find it difficult to breathe, especially people

who have asthma. Asthma, along with dry coughs, headaches, and throat irritations can be caused by the sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides from acid rain.
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ACID RAIN
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ACID RAIN

Case Study
Taj Mahal is one of the 7 wonders of the world. The beauty of this is decreasing due to a brick industry (Mathura Industry) which is situated near Taj Mahal. The industry emits gases like oxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur which in turn combines with rain water causing acid rain. This rain being acidic reacts with marble and yellow colour patches are formed
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OZONE DEPLETION

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OZONE DEPLETION
Ozone : Protective layer against UV rays. Ozone Depletion: Formation of holes due to depletion of molecules
Su n

UV Rays

Normal Light rays

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OZONE LAYER
Ozone is present in the stratosphere. The stratosphere reaches 30 miles above the Earth, and at the very top it contains ozone. Ozone is a bluish gas that is formed by three atoms of oxygen. The ozone layer protects the Earth from the ultraviolet rays sent down by the sun. The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was discovered in the mid-1980s.

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Causes
The main cause of this is the release of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons. Freon, Halon and CCl4 CFCs would remain in the stratosphere for another 100 years even if none were ever produced again.

A single chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 molecules of ozone

Antarctica was an early victim of ozone destruction. Total recovery may occur as early as 2050, but could be delayed as long as 2100.

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Effects of Ozone Depletion

Every time even a small amount of the ozone layer is lost, more ultraviolet light from the sun can reach the Earth.

The EPA estimates that 60 million Americans born by the year 2075 will get skin cancer because of ozone depletion. About one million of these people will die
In addition to cancer, some research shows that a decreased ozone layer will increase rates of malaria and other infectious diseases. According to the EPA, 17 million more cases of cataracts can also be expected The life cycles of plants will change, disrupting the food chain. Effects on animals will also be severe

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Effects of Ozone Depletion

Wind patterns could change, resulting in climatic changes throughout the world Human health: At high exposure levels, the UV-B (the higher energy UV radiation absorbed by ozone) component of UV radiation can weaken the human immune system and cause skin cancer, cataracts and eye cancer. Australia has high levels of UV radiation and the highest per capita rate of melanoma in the world. Deterioration of materials. Increased UV-B radiation can accelerate the deterioration of plastics, wood, paper, cotton and wool. UV-B radiation can affect plant growth and productivity.
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Ozone Depletion At Present

From September 21-30, 2006 the average area of the ozone hole was the largest ever observed, at 10.6 million square miles (27.5 million square kilometres).

Image of the largest Antarctic ozone hole ever recorded in September 2006.

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Ozone Depletion From 1979-2001

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DESERTIFICATION

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DESERTIFICATION
Desertification: Is a process
whereby the productivity of drought- prone land decreases.

Causes:
Deforestation, Over cultivation, Drought, Overgrazing (poor rangeland management), Poor irrigation (waterlogging and salinization), Soil erosion, Chemical action and other practices.
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Present Scenario
Approximately 54 million sq.km or 40% of the land area can be classified as drylands in the world. Regions wise, Africa is relatively driest of the continents. Desertification affects more than 1,341 mha of productive land in Asia.

Land degradation (including desertification in drylands) is estimated to affect at least one-third of the 328 mha geographical area in India.

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DEFORESTATION

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DEFORESTATION
Deforestation :The action or process of clearing
forests

Contributing Factors:
1. Population explosion 2. Timber and fuel wood usage 3. Agricultural land Expansion 4. Enhanced cattle grazing 5. Construction of dams, highways, etc.

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Present Scenario
As per the Forest Survey of India assessment in 1997, India's total notified forest area is 76.5 million hectares. Estimated forest cover, as per (MoEF 1999) is only 63.3 million hectares 50,000 species of plants and animals become extinct every year 2.47 acres of forests, or about 2 football fields, are cleared every single second. That's equal to 78 million acres of trees disappearing from Earth's surface every year

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THANK YOU

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