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FLOW MEASUREMENT IN OPEN CHANNELS

B.LAKSHMANARAO, B.Tech., M.B.A., F.I.E, Joint Secretary(Tech) to Govt. and Chief Engineer, Srisailam Project, Hyderabad Cell: 9177908811 E-mail: blakshmanarao@yahoo.co.in
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Water measurement structures The principal objective of measuring irrigation water is to permit efficient distribution and application. By measuring the flow of water, a farmer knows how much water is applied during each irrigation. In irrigation schemes where water costs are charged to the farmer, water measurement provides a basis for estimating water charges. The most commonly used water measuring structures are weirs and flumes. In these structures, the water depth is read on a scale which is part of the structure. Using this reading, the flow-rate is then computed from standard formulas or obtained from standard tables prepared specially for the structure.

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COMPUTATION OF VELOCITY
CHEZYS FORMULA: V = C (RS )0.5 MANNINGS FORMULA V = 1/n* R 2/3 * S 1/2 HAZEN WILLIAMS FORMULA: V = 0.85*C1*R0.63*S0.54

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Mannings Equation

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TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR

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TRAPEZOIDAL FLUME

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d = the liquid depth b = the bottom width of the channel P = the wetted length measured along the sloped side m = the angle of the sloped side from vertical. The side slope also often specified as horiz:vert = z:1.

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TRIANGULAR WEIR

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TRIANGULAR FLUME

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B ,the surface width of the liquid in ft for U.S. & m for S.I. units , the sloped length of the triangle side inft for U.S. & m for S.I. units y, the liquid depth measured from the vertex of the triangle in ft for U.S. & m for S.I. units z. the side slope, typically specified in the form: horiz:vert = z:1.
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FLOAT VELOCITY ESTIMATION

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Release the float at the upstream site. Using a stopwatch, record the time it takes to reach the downstream tape. (If the float moves too fast for an accurate measurement, measure off 25 or 30 m instead of 15m). Repeat the measurement two more times for a total of three measurements. The average velocities should be multiplies with the coefficients shown on next slide.
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Average Depth-cm 30.5 61.0 91.5 122.0 152.5 -

Coefficient 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74

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PARSHALL FLUME
The Parshall flume consists of a metal or concrete channel structure with three main sections: (1) a converging section at the upstream end, leading to (2) a constricted or throat section and (3) a diverging section at the downstream end.

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CUT THROAT FLUME

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CUT THROAT FLUME


The cut-throat flume is similar to the Parshall flume, but has no throat section, only converging and diverging sections . Unlike the Parshall flume, the cut-throat flume has a flat bottom. Because it is easier to construct and install, the cut-throat flume is often preferred to the Parshall flume.

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CANAL SECTION IN EMBANKMENT

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FLUMES AND WEIRS


Y1 Y2 Headlo ss = Y2 - Y1

Flume
Head

Headlo ss

Weir

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Note: Air poc ket behind c res t Weir Crest

Free Flow

Weir Crest Submerged


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Note: Downs tream water level above cres t

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H 90

4 1

L TRIANGULAR (90 V -NO TCH) TRA PEZOIDAL (CIPOLL ETTI)

L RECTANGUL AR

Types of Weirs
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RBC Flumes
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RBC Flume - Ramp Recommendation


6:1 downstream ramp

FLOW

FLOW

6:1 downstream truncated ramp

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RBC Flume - Flush Pipe

4-in Diameter Pipe Install flush to concrete on both ends and flush to the bottom of the canal.

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WINFLUME
Albert J. Clemmens Tony L. Wahl Marinus G. Bos John A. Replogle
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Upstream of the weir, the flow velocity is decreased so that the Froude number is less than 0.5

Flow is divided by a fixed partition board


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Advantages:
Provided that critical flow occurs in the throat, a rating table can be calculated with an error of less than 2% in the listed discharge. The calculation can be made for any combination of a prismatic throat and an arbitrarily shaped approach channel. The throat, perpendicular to the direction of flow, can be shaped in such a way that the complete range of discharges can be measured accurately. The required head loss over the weir or flume is minimal to ensure a unique relationship between the upstream sill-referenced head, h1, and the discharge, Q.
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Advantages (continued):
This head-loss requirement can be estimated with sufficient accuracy for any of these structures placed in an arbitrary channel. Because of their gradual converging transition, these structures have little problem with floating debris. Field observations and laboratory tests have shown that these structures can be designed to pass sediment transported by channels with subcritical flow. However, sedimentation can be a problem when sediment loads are excessively high or when the flume causes a significant velocity reduction in the approach channel.
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Advantages (continued):
Provided that the throat is horizontal in the direction of flow, a rating table can be computed using post-construction dimensions. Thus, an accurate rating table can be produced even if the flume is not constructed to the designed dimensions. The throat may also be reshaped according to changing site conditions, and a new rating table can be computed using the modified dimensions.

Under similar hydraulic and other boundary conditions these are usually the most economical of all structures for accurately measuring open channel flows, provided that conditions are such that a weir or flume is feasible

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Control Section
horizontal

H1

h1
3 1

weir 0.07 H1 / L 0.7


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Approach channel

An approach channel that is necessary for the development of uniform and symmetric flow conditions and the establishment of a stable water surface whose elevation can be determined accurately

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A converging transition section in which the subcritical approach flow accelerates smoothly toward the throat with no discontinuities or flow separation. The transition may consist of plane surfaces or may be rounded

Converging transition

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A diverging transition in which the velocity of the supercritical flow exiting the throat section is reduced and energy is dissipated or partially recovered

Diverging transition

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Weir crest

Tailwater channel

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Recommended transitions
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WINFLUME WINDOW SHOWING THE ACCEPTANCE OF DESIGN

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Cipolletti Weir

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THANK YOU

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