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B.LAKSHMANARAO, B.Tech., M.B.A., F.I.E, Joint Secretary(Tech) to Govt. and Chief Engineer, Srisailam Project, Hyderabad Cell: 9177908811 E-mail: blakshmanarao@yahoo.co.in
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Water measurement structures The principal objective of measuring irrigation water is to permit efficient distribution and application. By measuring the flow of water, a farmer knows how much water is applied during each irrigation. In irrigation schemes where water costs are charged to the farmer, water measurement provides a basis for estimating water charges. The most commonly used water measuring structures are weirs and flumes. In these structures, the water depth is read on a scale which is part of the structure. Using this reading, the flow-rate is then computed from standard formulas or obtained from standard tables prepared specially for the structure.
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COMPUTATION OF VELOCITY
CHEZYS FORMULA: V = C (RS )0.5 MANNINGS FORMULA V = 1/n* R 2/3 * S 1/2 HAZEN WILLIAMS FORMULA: V = 0.85*C1*R0.63*S0.54
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Mannings Equation
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TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR
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TRAPEZOIDAL FLUME
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d = the liquid depth b = the bottom width of the channel P = the wetted length measured along the sloped side m = the angle of the sloped side from vertical. The side slope also often specified as horiz:vert = z:1.
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TRIANGULAR WEIR
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TRIANGULAR FLUME
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B ,the surface width of the liquid in ft for U.S. & m for S.I. units , the sloped length of the triangle side inft for U.S. & m for S.I. units y, the liquid depth measured from the vertex of the triangle in ft for U.S. & m for S.I. units z. the side slope, typically specified in the form: horiz:vert = z:1.
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Release the float at the upstream site. Using a stopwatch, record the time it takes to reach the downstream tape. (If the float moves too fast for an accurate measurement, measure off 25 or 30 m instead of 15m). Repeat the measurement two more times for a total of three measurements. The average velocities should be multiplies with the coefficients shown on next slide.
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PARSHALL FLUME
The Parshall flume consists of a metal or concrete channel structure with three main sections: (1) a converging section at the upstream end, leading to (2) a constricted or throat section and (3) a diverging section at the downstream end.
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Flume
Head
Headlo ss
Weir
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Free Flow
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H 90
4 1
L RECTANGUL AR
Types of Weirs
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RBC Flumes
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FLOW
FLOW
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4-in Diameter Pipe Install flush to concrete on both ends and flush to the bottom of the canal.
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WINFLUME
Albert J. Clemmens Tony L. Wahl Marinus G. Bos John A. Replogle
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Upstream of the weir, the flow velocity is decreased so that the Froude number is less than 0.5
Advantages:
Provided that critical flow occurs in the throat, a rating table can be calculated with an error of less than 2% in the listed discharge. The calculation can be made for any combination of a prismatic throat and an arbitrarily shaped approach channel. The throat, perpendicular to the direction of flow, can be shaped in such a way that the complete range of discharges can be measured accurately. The required head loss over the weir or flume is minimal to ensure a unique relationship between the upstream sill-referenced head, h1, and the discharge, Q.
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Advantages (continued):
This head-loss requirement can be estimated with sufficient accuracy for any of these structures placed in an arbitrary channel. Because of their gradual converging transition, these structures have little problem with floating debris. Field observations and laboratory tests have shown that these structures can be designed to pass sediment transported by channels with subcritical flow. However, sedimentation can be a problem when sediment loads are excessively high or when the flume causes a significant velocity reduction in the approach channel.
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Advantages (continued):
Provided that the throat is horizontal in the direction of flow, a rating table can be computed using post-construction dimensions. Thus, an accurate rating table can be produced even if the flume is not constructed to the designed dimensions. The throat may also be reshaped according to changing site conditions, and a new rating table can be computed using the modified dimensions.
Under similar hydraulic and other boundary conditions these are usually the most economical of all structures for accurately measuring open channel flows, provided that conditions are such that a weir or flume is feasible
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Control Section
horizontal
H1
h1
3 1
Approach channel
An approach channel that is necessary for the development of uniform and symmetric flow conditions and the establishment of a stable water surface whose elevation can be determined accurately
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A converging transition section in which the subcritical approach flow accelerates smoothly toward the throat with no discontinuities or flow separation. The transition may consist of plane surfaces or may be rounded
Converging transition
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A diverging transition in which the velocity of the supercritical flow exiting the throat section is reduced and energy is dissipated or partially recovered
Diverging transition
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Weir crest
Tailwater channel
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Recommended transitions
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Cipolletti Weir
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THANK YOU
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