1

OSI Model

OSI means Open System Interconnect model. Developed by the International Organization for

Standardization in 1974.

It consists of seven layers.

Each layer has a different but specific processing

function.

OSI Model Layers

Layer - 7 Layer - 6 Layer - 5

Application Presentation Session

Advice Upper Layer Person or Software Layer Sales Heart of OSI Take Not Lower Layer Do or Hardware Layer Please

Layer - 4
Layer - 3 Layer - 2

Transport
Network Data Link

Layer - 1
3

Physical

Application Layer

Application Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Application Layer is responsible for providing Networking Services to user. It also known as Desktop Layer. Identification of Services is done using Port Numbers. Ports are nothing but Socket i.e. Entry and Exit Point to the Layer Total No. Ports 0 65535 Reserved Ports 0 1023 Open Ports 1024 65535

Example of HTTP request

http://www.iriset.ac.in

Client
5

Web Server

Example of HTTP request

HTTP Request Received HTTP Reply http:// www.iriset.ac.in http://www.iriset.ac.in Webpage

HTTP Request Listen on Port 80 Sending HTTP Reply Webpage

Client
7

Web Server

Example of FTP request

ftp://ftp.microsoft.com

Client
8

FTP Server

Example of FTP request

FTP Request Received FTP Reply ftp://ftp.microsoft.com ftp://ftp.microsoft.com

FTP Request Listen on Port 21 Sending FTP Reply

Client
9

FTP Server

Examples of Networking Services Service Port No.

HTTP FTP SMTP TELNET TFTP

80 21 25 23 69

10

How data flows from Application Layer

Application
80 21 25 53 67 69

Data

Presentation Session Transport

Network
Data Link Physical
11

Presentation Layer

Application Presentation Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Presentation Layer is responsible for converting data into standard format. Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG, MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3 Following tasks are perform at Presentation layer : Encoding Decoding Encryption Decryption Compression Decompression

12

How data flows from Presentation Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport

Data Data

Network
Data Link Physical
13

Session Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Session Layer is responsible establishing, maintaining and terminating session. Session ID also works at Session Layer. Examples : RPC Remote Procedure Call SQL Structured Query language NFS Network File System

14

How data flows from Session Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport

Data Data Data

Network
Data Link Physical
15

Transport Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Transport Network Data Link Physical

Transport Layer is responsible for end-to-end connectivity. It is also known as heart of OSI Layers. Following task are performed at Transport Layer : -

Identifying Service
Multiplexing & De-multiplexing Segmentation

Sequencing & Reassembling

Flow Control Error Correction

16

Identifying Service TCP Transmission Control Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol

Connection Oriented
Acknowledgement Reliable

Connection Less
No Acknowledgement Unreliable

Slower
Port No. 6 e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP
17

Faster
Port No. 17 e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP

Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Application Presentation Session

80 21 25 53 67 69

Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network Data Link Physical

18

Segmentation

Hello! How are you ? Hello! How are you ? Hello! How Are You ?

19

Sequencing & Reassembling

you Hello! Hello! HowHow are ? you ? You Hello! Are Hello! How are How ? you ? You Hello! How ? Are Hello! How Are You ? are

20

Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello! How are How are you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You
4/5

Hello! How
1/5
2/5

5/5

Are
3/5

21

Error Correction

Segment Missing

Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello! How are How are you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You
4/5

Hello! How
1/5 2/5

5/5

Are
3/5

22

Flow Control - Windowing

Ack-RecAck. Sending 3 Received3-window Sending 4 5-window

PC-A Received can send 4 Segment 3-window 4-window at a time to PC-B

23

How data flows from Transport Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport

Data Data Data TH Segment Data

Network
Data Link Physical
24

Network Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Network Data Link Physical

Network Layer is responsible for providing best path to data to reach destination. Logical Addressing sits on this layer. Device working on Network Layer is Router.

It is divided into two parts

Routed Protocols e.g. IP, IPX, Apple Talk. Routing Protocols e.g. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP

25

Routed Protocols

Segment

Hello! How are you ?

Source IP 192.168.1.1 Destination Segment IP 192.168.1.2

Hello! How are you ?

192.168.1.1
26

192.168.1.2

Routing Protocols

www.iriset.ac.in

27

How data flows from Network Layer

Application Presentation Session e.g. Router Transport

Data Data Data Segment

Segment Packet NH

Network
Data Link Physical
28

Datalink Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Datalink Layer is divided into two Sub Layers : LLC Logical Link Control It talks about Wan protocols e.g. PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay MAC Media Access Control It talks about Physical Address. It is 48 bit Addressing i.e. 12 digit Hexadecimal No. It is also responsible for Error Detection Device working on Data Link Layer is Switch, Bridge, NIC.

29

Error Detection CRC Check

Hello! How are you ?

PC-A CRC No. 33333 PC-B Source MAC 00-20-18-C0-07-71 CRC No. 11114 Error 33333 11114 46323 99434 43434 99323 55434 89696 22222 32434 00000 Detected Destination MAC Packet Error Detected 00-20-18-C0-07-72
B

Packet

For Error Correction Contact Source Transport layer

30

192.168.1.1 00-20-18-C0-07-71

192.168.1.2 00-20-18-C0-07-72

Error Detection CRC Check

Packet

Source MAC 00-20-18-C0-07-71 Destination Packet MAC 00-20-18-C0-07-72

Hello! How are you ?

20202 11114 46323 99434 43434 99323 55434 89696 22222 32434 00000

31

192.168.1.1 00-20-18-C0-07-71

192.168.1.2 00-20-18-C0-07-72

How data flows from Data Link Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport e.g. Switch

Data Data Data Segment Packet

Packet DT DH Frame

Network
Data Link Physical

32

Physical Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Physical Layer is responsible for electrical, mechanical or procedural checks. Data will be converted in Binary that is 0s & 1s. Data will be in the form of electrical pulses if it is Coaxial or Twisted Pair cable and in the form of Light if it is Fiber Optic Cable. Devices working at Physical Layer are Hubs, Repeaters, Cables, Modems etc.

33

Physical Layer Example

Frame

Hello! How are you ?

1010101010101010
Frame

0101011010101010101010101 1010101101010101010101010 0101011010101010101010101

34

How data flows from Physical Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport

Data Data Data Segment Packet Frame Bits

Network
e.g. Hub Data Link Physical
35

Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

A
Application
Data Data

B
Application

Presentation
Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
36

Data

Data

Presentation
Session TH Transport Network NH

Data

Data Segment Data TH Packet Segment NH Packet DH Packet DTFrame Bits

TH Data Segment
Packet Segment NH Packet DHFrame DT Bits

DH DT Data Link
Physical

Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

OSI Layers Application Presentation

TCP/IP Layers

Application

Session
Transport Network Transport Internet Network Access

Data Link
Physical
37

38

39

ftp://ftp.microsoft.com

40

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp. C:\> telnet 192.168.1.150 Connecting ..... ================================ Welcome to Hyderabad Router ================================ User Access Verification password :

41

http://www.microsoft.com

42

http://mail.yahoo.com

xyz@yahoo.com

xyz ******

43