Prepared by Fitsum Mergia April 6 2013 Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Outline Introduction Conceptual Frame work Design Case Presentation

 Introduction
What is RF planning ?
The objective of RF planning is to build a cellular system that provides sufficient coverage and capacity, meets the quality requirements and allows for future system growth. All this must be accomplished using a limited number of network elements and radio frequencies.

Coverage Cost Capacity Quality of service

 Introduction
What are the major activities involved in the RFplanning process?

 Introduction
STEP 1: TRAFFIC AND COVERAGE ANALYSIS (SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS) The cell planning process starts with traffic and coverage analysis. The analysis should produce information about the geographical area and the expected need of capacity. The types of data collected are: Cost Capacity Coverage Grade of Service (GoS) Bit Error Rate (BER) System growth capacity Bit Error Rate (BER) System growth capability

Available frequencies

 Introduction
STEP 2: NOMINAL CELL PLAN Upon compilation of the data received from the traffic and coverage analysis, a nominal cell plan is produced. The nominal cell plan is a graphical representation of the network and simply looks like a cell pattern on a map.

However, a lot of work lies behind it .Nominal cell plans are t he first cell plans and form the basis for further planning. At this stage, coverage and interference predictions are usually started. Such planning needs computer-aided analysis tools for radio propagation studies.

 Introduction
STEP 3: SURVEYS (AND RADIO MEASUREMENTS) Radio measurements are performed at the sites where the radio equipment will be placed. It is necessary to assess the real environment to determine whether it is a suitable site location when planning a cellular network, since even better predictions can be obtained by using field measurements of the signal strengths in the actual terrain where the mobile station will be located.

 Introduction
STEP 4: (FINAL CELL PLAN) SYSTEM DESIGN Once we optimize and can trust the predictions generated by the planning tool, the dimensioning of the BTS equipment, BSC, and MSC is performed. The final cell plan is then produced. STEP 5: IMPLEMENTATION System installation, commissioning, and testing are performed following final cell planning and system design.

 Introduction
STEP 6: NETWORK OPTIMIZATION After the system has been installed, it is continually evaluated to determine how well it meets the demand. This is called network Optimization. Optimization involves: Checking that the final cell plan was implemented successfully Evaluating customer complaints Checking that the network performance is acceptable Changing parameters and performing other measures (if needed)

Outline Introduction Conceptual Frame work Design Case Presentation

 Conceptual Frame work

Coverage planning principles
Capacity planning principles Frequency planning principles

Radio Network Parameters planning principle

Radio Network Optimization Principle

 Conceptual Frame work

Coverage planning principles
The target for coverage planning is to find optimal location for base stations to build continuous coverage according to the planning requirements .Especially in the case of a coverage limited network the BTS location is critical.
Link budget
To guarantee a good radio link quality in both directions (uplink and downlink) the power of BTS and MS should be in balance at the edge of the cell. The main idea behind the power budget calculations is to receive the maximum output power level of BTS transmitter as a function of BTS and MS sensitivity levels, MS output power, antenna gain (Rx & TX), diversity reception, cable loss, combiner loss, etc.

 Conceptual Frame work

Propagation model The propagation model is the basis for planning the mobile communication cells. The propagation model can ensure precision and save manpower, cost, and time. A good mobile radio propagation model can perform adjustment according to different landforms, such as plain, hill, and valley or according to different habitation environment, such as open area, suburb, and city. Examples of propagation Model . Long-distance Longley-Rice Okumara Hata Cost 231-Hata Wolfish-Ikegami cost 231 Wolfish-Xia JTC XLOS (Motorola proprietary model) Bullington Universal Model Etc..

 Conceptual Frame work

Capacity planning principles
The objective of capacity estimation is to estimate site number based on Traffic model and service volume required. In CDMA system, capacity is restricted by interference in the uplink and transmission power in downlink. Whereas in FDMA/ TDMA system the number of traffic channel will be a restrictive factor in capacity planning.

 Conceptual Frame work

Frequency planning principles
The main goal of the frequency-planning task is to increase the efficiency of the spectrum usage, keeping the interference in the network below some predefined level. Therefore it is always related to interference predictions.

 Conceptual Frame work

Radio Network Parameters planning principle
Defining the radio network parameters is the final step in the design of a radio network. There are a number of parameters that has to be specified for each cell. The parameters could be divided into four different categories, namely: Common cell data Example: Cell Identity, Power setting, Channel numbers Neighboring cell relation data Example: Neighboring Cell relation, Hysteresis, Offset Locating and idle mode behavior Example: Paging properties, Signal strength criteria, Quality thresholds Feature control parameters Example: Frequency Hopping and Dynamic Power Control

 Conceptual Frame work

Radio Network Optimization Principle
Radio Optimization is a process involving analysis of traffic data collected by the system to better adjust the system to the actual traffic demand distribution. Adjustments that can be made include: Changing handover parameters to move traffic from a congested cell to a neighboring cell with a low traffic load Changing switch parameters to optimize the traffic handling capacity of the system

Adding cells or adding radio channels to congested cells and/or reducing the number of radio channels in cells with lower traffic than expected

Outline Introduction Conceptual Frame work Design Case Presentation

 Design Case Presentation

Overview of WCDMA network planning principles
Capacity Estimation Principle According to the traffic model and available channels per cell, the subscribers supported by one cell can be calculated; therefore the number and configuration of these sites can be obtained on the basis of total subscribers.

Coverage Planning Estimation The goal of coverage estimation is to obtain the quantity and configuration of the sites using link budget, and to fulfill the coverage requirements, such as coverage area, coverage rate, indoor coverage, cell load, and etc.

 Design Case Presentation

Capacity Estimation Principle
The WCDMA network supports many services at the same time. As a result, the evaluation of cell capacity in the WCDMA network cannot simply follow the evaluation method used for the network only supporting the voice service, For this reason, capacity evaluation is based on the mixed service capacity evaluation method of the Campell theory.

 Design Case Presentation

Campell theory.
The fundamental principle of Campbells Theorem is that all services are equivalent to a virtual service by certain rules, and calculate total traffic (Erl) of this virtual service, then calculate the number of virtual channel satisfying required traffic, calculate the number of actual channel satisfying network dimensions.

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Campbells equivalency model principle:

Where
C Variance Mean amplitude service capacity factor variance of mixed services mean of mixed services amplitude of service i

Cservice number of required channel of service i Virtual_erlang traffic of virtual services Virtual_channel Number of required virtual channel satisfying virtual traffics.

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Coverage Planning Estimation:
Among all the communication propagation environments, the wireless communication environment is the worst and most complex one, which is affected by slow fading and multi-path propagation in addition to the path loss of free space, thus resulting in space selective fading, time selective fading, frequency selective fading and other symptoms, and greatly degrading the uplink/downlink received signal quality. selection of a propagation model close to the actual environment in the radio network design is the basis for coverage planning and prediction emulation.

 Design Case Presentation

Radio propagation model

The propagation model describes the average signal propagation in certain environment. It often denotes the path loss as a function of distance of separation between a transmitter and receiver.
Cost231-Hata Propagation model formula:
Path loss = k1 + K2 log d + k3 (Hms) + k4 log Hms + k5 log Heff + k6 log Heff log d + k7*Diffn + C_loss

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Path loss = k1 + K2 log d + k3 (Hms) + k4 log Hms + k5 log Heff + k6 log Heff log d + k7*Diffn + C_loss

Where
d Distance from the base station to the mobile station (km). Hms Height of the mobile station above ground (m). Heff Effective base station antenna height (m). Diffn Diffraction loss calculated using Epstein, K1 Intercept k2 Slope k3 Mobile antenna height factor. Correction factor used to k4 k5 k6 k7 C_loss take into account the effective mobile antenna height. Okumura-Hata multiplying factor for Hms. Effective Antenna Height Gain. This is the multiplying factor for the log of the effective antenna height. This is the Okumura-Hata type multiplying factor for log(Heff)log(d) Multiplying factor for diffraction calculations Clutter specifications such that heights and separation are also taken into account in the calculation process

 Design Case Presentation

Case Background
In year 2010 ZTE Cooperation on the interest of Ethio telecom built a UMTS network that cover the whole Addis with a network capacity of 300,000 users. In this section the planning approach that ZTE cooperation followed to deploy the UMTS network is briefly described.

 Design Case Presentation

Capacity Target The capital Addis Ababa is guaranteed continuous coverage for all services with 300,000 WCDMA subscribers over dense area and urban area according to GSM network coverage boundary. The dense area is 56 km2 with 126,800 users, and the urban area is 275.6 km2 with 173,200 users.

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Capacity Target

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Coverage target In order to ensure the network quality, the following KPI requirements has been set: Coverage KPI Requirements: Dense Urban & Urban: RSCP: >=95% > -85dBm (outdoor on street) Dense Urban & Urban: Ec/Io >=95% >-10db Traffic Model Traffic model is a tool through which the statistical traffic characteristic of the network being designed is understood .The modeling is done based on past experience and also future requirement.

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Traffic Model
Items Circuit Switch Voice penetration ratio Circuit Switch data penetration ratio Voice Traffic per CS voice sub per BH(Erl) CS data traffic per Circuit Switch (CS) data sub(Erl) Packet switch Penetration Ratio
Total PS throughput (HSDPA+, HSUPA and R99 UL+DL)per PS Sub (bps)

Proportion 100% 20% 0.025 0.002 100% 3000 13.60% 86.40% 16% 84% 40% 60%

Data throughput per user (bps)

Service Model Type Voice CS 64

Erl Per user 0.025 0.002 UL Throughput Per user [kbps]

GOS 2% 2% DL Throughput Per user [kbps] 0.102 0.17 0.136 Data Throughput Per User [kbps] 2.184 Allocated UL Load 0% 1

Penetration Rate 100% 20% Penetration Rate 100% 100% 100% Penetration Rate 100% Penetration Rate 100%

PS 64/64 PS 64/128

0.102 0.0436 0.0176 Allocated Power [w]

Proportion of Uplink PS throughput Proportion of downlink PS throughput R99 share of Downlink PS throughput per sub HSDPA+ share of Downlink PS throughput per sub R99 share of UL PS throughput per sub HSUPA share of UL Packet (PS) throughput per sub

3000 408 2592 408 2184 163 245

PS 64/384

HSDPA+

0 Data Throughput Per User [kbps] 0.2448

HSUPA Carrier Number

 Design Case Presentation

Different services throughput distribution calculation Total PS throughput= Uplink + Downlink throughput 3000bps= 3kbps=0.102+0.102+0.0436+0.17+0.0176+0.136+2.184+0.2448 o HSDPA+ Throughput Per User [kbps]= 3.0*86.4%*84%=2.184kbps o HSUPA Throughput Per User [kbps]=3.0*13.6%*60%=0.2448kbps R99 PS service throughput Ratio is obtained to the best of ZTEs experience. o Totally R99 PS throughput Downlink=3.0*86.4%*16%=0.408kbps Downlink Ratio for [PS64/64: PS 64/128: PS 64/384] =[0.250.4166667 0.3333333] 0.408*DL Ratio=[0.1020.170.136]

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o Totally R99 PS throughput Uplink=3.0*13.6%*40%=0.1632 Uplink Ratio for PS64/64: PS 64/128: PS 64/384 =[0.6250.2671569 0.1078431] 0.2448*UL Ratio=[0.1020.04360.0176.]

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Network planning outputs
Based on the combination of the coverage scale estimation and capacity scale estimation result the number of sites are different from one scale to another. From the coverage aspect, the numbers of sites are 220 S111. But, from the capacity aspect, the numbers of sites are 284 S111. According to the network scale estimation theory, it is normal practice to choose the larger one as the final result. Therefore, the capital city needs 220 S111 and 32 S222 sites in total including existing 50 sites.

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Addis Ababa Coverage result Capacity result Dense urban 82 (S1/1/1) 59 (S1/1/1) 32 (S2/2/2) urban 138(S1/1/1) 161(S1/1/1) total 220 (S1/1/1) + 32 (S2/2/2)

And the average downlink throughput per sector will be around 44.5Mbps for S111 and 8-9Mbps for S222 based on ZTEs HSDPA+ commercial network experience. The average subscriber per site in DU is 1030 for S111 and 2060 for S222,

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Figure RSCP simulation

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Figure EcIo simulation

Thank you