Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R.

Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

 Grassmans law Tristimulus values of Spectral Colours

25.5 Luminance, hue and saturation Luminance/brightness Hue Saturation

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

Colour Plate 3: Variation in colour on the surface of the chromaticity diagram Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

25.6 Colour Television Camera

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

 Fig 25.5 shows a simple block schematic of a colour TV camera It essentially consists of three camera tubes Each tube receives selectively filtered primary colours Each tube develops a signal voltage proportional to the respective colour intensity received by it Light from the scene is processed by the objective lens system The image formed by the lens is split into three images by means of glass prisms These prisms are designed as diachroic mirrors A diachroic mirror passes one wavelength and rejects other wavelengths (colours of light) Thus red, green, and blue colour images are formed The rays from each of the light splitters also pass through colour filters called trimming filters These filters provide highly precise primary colour images converted into video signals by image-orthicon or vidicon camera tubes Thus the three colour signals Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B) signal are generated

Simultaneous scanning of the three camera tubes is accomplished by a master deflection oscillator and sync generator which drives all the three tubes The three video signals produced by the camera represent three primaries of the colour diagram By selective use of these signals, all colours in the visible spectrum can be reproduced on the screen of a special (colour) picture tube

Colour Signal Generation At any instant during the scanning process the transmitted signal must indicate the proportions of red, green and blue lights present in the element being scanned To fulfil the requirements of compatibility, the luminance signal which represents the brightness of the elements being scanned must also be generated and transmitted along with the colour signals Figure 25.5 illustrates the method of generating these signals The camera output voltages are labelled as VR, VG and VB but generally the prefix V is omitted and only the symbols R, G, and B are used to represent these voltages. With the specified source of white light the three cameras are adjusted to give equal output voltage

Gamma Correction To compensate for the non-linearity of the system including TV camera and picture tubes, a correction is applied to the voltages produced by the three camera tubes The output voltages are then referred to as R, G and B However, in our discussion we will ignore such a distinction and use the same symbols i.e., R, G and B to represent gamma corrected output voltages The camera outputs corresponding to maximum intensity (100%) of standard white light to be handled are assumed adjusted at an arbitrary value of one volt Then on grey shades, i.e., on white of lesser brightness, R, G and B voltage will remain equal but at amplitude less than one volt 25.7 The luminance signal To generate the monochrome or brightness signal that represents the luminance of the scene, the three camera outputs are added through a resistance matrix (see Fig. 25.5) in the proportion of 0.3, 0.59 and 0.11 of R, G and B respectively

 This is because with white light which contains the three primary colours in the above ratio, the camera outputs were adjusted to give equal voltages The signal voltage developed across the common resistance RC represents the brightness of the scene and is referred to as Y signal Therefore, Y = 0.3 R + 0.59 G + 0.11 B

Colour Voltage Amplitudes

Figure 25.6 (a) illustrates the nature of output from the three cameras when a horizontal line across a picture having vertical bars of red, green and blue colours is scanned At any one instant only, one camera delivers output voltage corresponding to the colour being scanned In Fig. 25.6 (b) different values of red colour voltage are illustrated. Here the red pink and pale pink which are different shades of red have decreasing values of colour intensity Therefore the corresponding output voltages have decreasing amplitudes Thus R, G or B voltage indicates information of the specific colour while their relative amplitudes depend on the level of saturation of that colour

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

 Next, scanning a picture that has yellow and white bars besides the three pure colour bars The voltages of the three camera outputs are drawn below the colour bar pattern in Fig. 25.7 The values shown for yellow is an example of a complementary colour Since yellow includes red and green, video voltage is produced for both these primary colours Since there is no blue in yellow, the blue camera output voltage is at zero for the yellow bar The white bar at the right includes all the three primary colours So all the three cameras develop output voltage when this bar is scanned

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

Y Signal Amplitude As already stated, the Y signal contains brightness variations of the picture information Formed by adding the three camera outputs in the ratio, Y = 0.3 R + 0.59 G + 0.11 B These percentages correspond to the relative brightness of the three primary colours So, a scene reproduced in black and white by the Y signal looks the same as when it is televised in monochrome Figure 25.8 illustrates how the Y signal voltage is formed from the specified proportions of R, G, and B voltages for the colour bar pattern The addition, as already explained is carried out (see Fig. 25.5) by the resistance matrix Note that, the Y signal for white has the maximum amplitude (1.0 or 100%) because it includes R, G and B For the other bars the magnitude of Y decreases or changes in accordance with the colour or colours that form the bars (colour plate 5)

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

 All the voltage values can be calculated as illustrated by the writeup below Fig. 25.8 If only this Y signal is used to reproduce the pattern It will appear as monochrome bars shading-off from white at the left to grey in the centre and black at the right These values correspond to the staircase pattern of Y voltage shown in the figure Note the progressive decrease in voltage for the relative brightness of the various colour bars Production of Colour Difference Voltages The Y signal is modulated and transmitted as is done in a monochrome television system Instead of trasmitting all the three colour signals separately , the red and blue camera outputs are combined with the Y signal to obtain the colour difference signals Colour difference voltages are derived by subtracting the luminance voltage from the colour voltages Only (R Y) and (B Y) are produced

 It is only necessary to transmit two of the three colour difference signals since the third may be derived from the other two The reason for not choosing (G Y) for transmission and how the green signal is recovered are explained in a later section of this chapter The circuit of Fig. 25.5 is reproduced in Fig. 25.9 to explain the generation of (B Y) and (R Y) voltages The voltage VY as obtained from the resistance matrix is low because RC is chosen to be small to avoid crosstalk Hence it is amplified before it leaves the camera subchassis Also the amplified Y signal is inverted to obtain Y as the output This is passed on to the two adder circuits One adder circuit adds the red camera output to Y to obtain the (R Y) signal Similarly, the second adder combines the blue camera output to Y and delivers (B Y) Signal . This is illustrated in Fig. 25.9 The difference signals thus obtained bear information both about the hue and saturation of different colours

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

Compatibility Considerations
The colour difference signals equal zero when white or grey shades are being transmitted This is illustrated by two examples: (a) On peak whites let R = G = B = 1 volt Then, Y = 0.59G + 0.3R + 0.11B = 0.59 + 0.3 + 0.11 = 1 (volt) (R Y) = 1 1 = 0 volt and (B Y) = 1 1 = 0 volt (b) On any grey shade let R = G = B = v volts (v < 1) Then Y = 0.59v + 0.3v + 0.11v = v (R Y) = v v = 0 volt and (B Y) = v v = 0 volt Thus the colour difference signals during the white or grey content of a colour scene during the monochrome transmission completely disappear This is an aid to compatibility in colour TV systems