Gyan Ganga Institute Of Technology & Sciences

PROJECT REVIEW ON

PASSWORD BASED ACCESS SYSTEM

PROJECT GUIDE

CONTENTS
Abstract Introduction Description of Materials Interfacing of Components P.C.B. Manufacturing Process Modules Of Project

Road Map
Application Reference

ABSTRACT
Security is a prime concern in our day-today life. Everyone wants to be as much secure as possible. An access control for doors forms a vital link in a security chain. The microcontroller based digital lock for Doors is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access a restricted area. The system is fully controlled by the 8 bit microcontroller AT89C2051 which has a 2Kbytes of ROM for the program memory. The password is stored in the EPROM so that we can change it at any time. The system has a Keypad by which the password can be entered through it. When they entered password equals with the password stored in the memory then the LED light glow indicating access. If we entered a wrong password for more than three times then the lock get blocked for limited time.

INTRODUCTION
Security is a prime concern in our day-today life. Everyone wants to be as much secure as possible. An access control for doors forms a vital link in a security chain. The microcontroller based Door locker is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access a restricted area. The system is fully controlled by the 8 bit microcontroller AT89C2051 which has a 2Kbytes of ROM for the program memory. The password is stored in the EPROM so that we can change it at any time. The system has a Keypad by which the password can be entered through it. When they entered password equals with the password stored in the memory then the LED light glow indicating access. If we entered a wrong password for more than three times then the lock get blocked for limited time. The default password is 12345 and you can change the password by dialing 12345, new password #button,you will asked master password which is 1234567890# then new password will be saved. For example if you want to change the password from the default to 45321 then dial 12345# after dialing you will asked master password, dial 1234567890# then dial new password 45321 # . The passwords are stored on the EEPROM chip. The EEPROM works on I2C technology.

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
RESISTORS: A Resistor is a heat-dissipating element and in the electronic circuits it is mostly used for either controlling the current in the circuit or developing a voltage drop across it, which could be utilized for many applications. The following characteristics are inherent in all resistors and may be controlled by design considerations and choice of material i.e. Temperature coefficient of resistance, Voltage co efficient of resistance, high frequency characteristics, power rating, tolerance & voltage rating of resistors. Resistors may be classified as Fixed Semi variable Variable resistor. In our project carbon resistors are being used.

Circuit Symbol for resistance

CAPACITORS : The fundamental relation for the capacitance between two flat plates separated by a dielectric material is given by:C=0.08854KA/D Where: C= capacitance in pf. K= dielectric constant A=Area per plate in square cm. D=Distance between two plates in cm
Design of capacitor depends on the proper dielectric material with particular type of application. The dielectric material used for capacitors may be grouped in various classes like Mica, Glass, air, ceramic, paper, Aluminum, electrolyte etc. The value of capacitance never remains constant. It changes with temperature, frequency and aging. The capacitance value marked on the capacitor strictly applies only at specified temperature and at low frequencies.

LED (Light Emitting Diodes) : As its name implies it is a diode, which emits light when forward biased. Charge carrier recombination takes place when electrons from the N-side cross the junction and recombine with the holes on the P side. Electrons are in the higher conduction band on the N side whereas holes are in the lower valence band on the P side. During recombination, some of the energy is given up in the form of heat and light. In the case of semiconductor materials like Gallium arsenide (GaAs), Gallium phoshide (Gap) and Gallium arsenide phoshide (GaAsP) a greater percentage of energy is released during recombination and is given out in the form of light. LED emits no light when junction is reverse biased.

TRANSISTOR: A transistor consists of two junctions formed by sandwiching either p-type or n-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types. Accordingly, there are two types of transistors namely: (1) n-p-n transistor (2) p-n-p transistor

(NPN) (PNP) An n-p-n transistor is composed of two n-type semiconductors separated by a thin section of p type. However a p-n-p transistor is formed by two p sections separated by a thin section of n-type. In each type of transistor the following points may be noted. There are two p-n junctions, therefore a transistor may be regarded as combination of two diodes connected back to back. There are three terminals taken from each type of semiconductor. The middle section is a very thin layer, which is the most important factor in the functioning of a transistor. Transistor can be used as an Amplifier also.

TRANSFORMER : Definition: The transformer is a static electro-magnetic device that transforms one alternating voltage (current) into another voltage (current). However, power remains the same during the transformation. Transformers play a major role in the transmission and distribution of ac power.

Principle: Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. A transformer consists of laminated magnetic core forming the magnetic frame. Primary and secondary coils are wound upon the two cores of the magnetic frame, linked by the common magnetic flux. When an alternating voltage is applied across the primary coil, a current flows in the primary coil producing magnetic flux in the transformer core. This flux induces voltage in secondary coil. Transformers are classified as: Based on position of the windings with respect to core i.e. Core type transformer Shell type transformer Based on Transformation ratio: Step up transformer Step down transformer

DIODES : It is a two terminal device consisting of a P-N junction formed either of Ge or Si crystal. The P and N type regions are referred to as anode and cathode respectively. Commercially available diodes usually have some means to indicate which lead is P and which lead is N.

Interfacing of Components
The microcontrollers reads user's programs and executing the expected task as per instructions stored there in. Its primary elements are an 8 bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Accumulator (Acc), few more 8 bit registers, B register, Stack Pointer (SP), Program Status Word (PSW) and 16 bit registers, Program Counter (PC) and Data Pointer Register (DPTR). The ALU (Acc) performs arithmetic and logic functions on 8 bit input variables. Arithmetic operations include basic addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operations are AND, OR, Exclusive OR as well as rotate, clear, complement and etc. Apart from all the above, ALU is responsible in conditional branching decisions, and provides a temporary place in data transfer operations within the device. B register is mainly used in multiply and divide operations. During execution, B register either keeps one of the two inputs and then retains a portion of the result. For other instructions, it can be used as another general purpose register.

Description
The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2 Kbytes of Flash Programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry Standard MCS- 51 instruction set and pinout. By combining a versatile 8bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Features of AT89C2051
1. Compatible with MCS-51 Products 2. 2 Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory 3. Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4. 2.7 V to 6 V Operating Range 5. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz 6. Two-Level Program Memory Lock 7. 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM 8. 15 Programmable I/O Lines 9. Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters 10. Six Interrupt Sources 11. Programmable Serial UART Channel 12. Direct LED Drive Outputs 13. On-Chip Analog Comparator 14. Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

PIN Configurations

Block Diagram of microcontroller AT89C2051

Schematic Dig

APPLICATION
Applications For security purpose For locking purpose Advantages The main advantages of this device are as follows: Highly secure Flexible & Reprogrammable Wide operating range & wide operating area Less power consumption Cost effective & Easily available Limitation Difficult to implement Source code is comparatively complex

REFERENCE : www.ehow.com www.8051projects.info www.howstuffworks.com www.answer.com

www.electronicsforyou.com