3G Overview

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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3G Overview
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Contents
1. Introduction to 3G
2. Comparison between 2G and 3G
3. 3G objective
4. 3G spectrum allocation
5. 3G application services
6. CDMA Principle
7. Processing procedure of WCDMA
8. WCDMA Network Architecture
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow
Different Service, Different Technology
AMPS
TACS
NMT
Others
1G 1980s
Analog
GSM
CDMA
IS-95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC
2G 1990s
Digital
Technologies
drive
3G
IMT-2000
UMTS
WCDMA
cdma
2000
Demands
drive
TD-
SCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers
Introduction to 3G
3G stands for third generation, and is a wireless industry term for a collection
of international standards and technologies aimed at increasing efficiency
and improving the performance of mobile wireless networks.

1980s
Analog
1990s
Digital
IMT-2000
1997s
Digital
3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile
communication system
The third generation mobile communication was first proposed
in 1985and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000
Work band : around 2000MHz
The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
Contents
3. 3G objective
6. CDMA Principle
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow
Differences between WCDMA & GSM
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 118
Power control
frequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resource
management algorithms
Network planning
(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Packet data Load-based packet
scheduling
Timeslot based
scheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmit
diversity
Supported for
improving downlink
capacity
Not supported by the
standard, but can be
applied
High bit
rates
Spectral
efficiency
Different
quality
requirements
Efficient
packet data
Differences between WCDMA & GSM
GSM WCDMA
In GSM we use FDMA+TDMA In 3G we use CDMA
No end to end IP connectivity First time end to end IP connectivity
Closed protocol system Open protocol system
Narrow Band Wireless Digital Network Wide Band Voice Channel network
Support only Voice call. Support both Voice and Video call
Hard Handover Both Soft handoff and hard handoff
It support limited services like MMS,
Internet etc..
It support multiple services like
interactive, streaming, LCS etc.
Contents
3. 3G objective
6. CDMA Principle
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow
3G Objectives
3G is developed to achieve:
Universal frequency band for standard and seamless global
coverage
Limited frequency management. No frequency planning required
due to single frequency.
Wide variety of data rates
Low mobile station transmit power
High quality of service with complete security and reliability
Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible with 2G.

3G Access Rate targets
Environment RT Service Peak Rate NRT Service Peak Rate
Rural Outdoor
(Speed < 250 km/h)
144 384 kb/s 144 384 kb/s
Urban/Suburban
(Speed < 150 km/h)
384 512 kb/s
384 512 kb/s
Indoor/Low Range Outdoor
(Speed < 10 km/h)
- 2 Mb/s - 2 Mb/s
Pedestrian & Office (<10 km/h):
bit rate <= 2 Mb/s
Outdoor (< 150 km/h):
bit rate 384 kb/s, target 512 kb/s
Outdoor (<250 km/h):
bit rate 144 kb/s, preferably more
3G Radio Access
Contents
3. 3G objective
6. CDMA Principle
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow
3G Spectrum Allocation
WCDMA Supplementary bands
Operating
Band
UL Frequencies DL frequencies
TX-RX
frequency
separation
Protocol Version
R5 R6 R7
I 1920 1980 MHz 2110 2170 MHz
190 MHz

II 1850 1910 MHz 1930 1990 MHz
80 MHz.

III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz
95 MHz.

IV
1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz 400 MHz

V
824 849 MHz 869-894 MHz 45 MHz

VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz
45 MHz

VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz
120 MHz

VIII 880 915 MHz 925 960 MHz
45 MHz

IX 1749.9-1784.9
MHz
1844.9-1879.9
MHz
95 MHz

Bands WCDMA Used
Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
. . .
Frequency channel numbercentral frequency5, for main
band:
UL frequency channel number 96129888
DL frequency channel number : 1056210838
Contents
3. 3G objective
6. CDMA Principle
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow
3G Application Service
Time Delay
Error
Ratio
background
conversational
streaming
interactive
3G

Internet
E-Mail
WWW
FTP
E-commerce

Telecom
Voice
Mobile and roaming
Messaging
IN, CAMEL

Information
VOD
Interactive video
TV & Radio
Media service
Integration of Multiple Services
Conversational
Video
Phone
Speech service:
Real time conversational service require the low time
delay from end to end.
Adopt AMR ( adaptive multi rate ) technique (WCDMA).
12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.7, 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75kbps.
The bit rate of AMR voice can be controlled by the
RAN according to the payload of air interface and the
quality of voice service .
According to the requirement of the operator ,AMR
technique can balance the relationship among the
network capacity, coverage and the service quality .
Conversational
Video phone (WCDMA)
The requirement of time delay is similar to the voice service.
Circuit
Switched
Network
Video call supported via CS domain
Multi-Call Ability
The multi-call service is to activate multiple calls at the same time for different services.
Streaming
Multimedia data streaming:
Data is processed into stable and continuous streaming .
Services example :
Video on Demand
Mobile TV
Traffic Monitoring

3G ApplicationStreaming
Traffic monitoring
Mobile TV VOD
Interactive services
Interactive Services example :
Location based services
Online game
Web browsing
..
Interactive
LCS Online game
Location Based Service examples
Location Based Service examples
Background services
Background traffic - fundamental characteristics for QoS:
the destination is not expecting the data within a certain time
preserve payload content

Service example:
E-mail ( server to server )
SMS
Download of database
Reception of measurement records
...

Picture and
Ring tone
download
Web browsing
Multimedia Messaging Service
timeline
SMS
text
only
Smart
Messaging

Text,
simple graphics,
ringing tones
Multimedia
Messaging
Service
music
video
stills
etc.
Contents
3. 3G objective
6. CDMA Principle
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow
Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)

FDMA
Power
FDMA
With FDMA, the users transmit simultaneously using separate frequencies
TDMA
Power
TDMA
TDMA divides the frequency into multiple time slices
CDMA
Power
CDMA
Sharing the frequency by using different codes
Multiple Access and Duplex
Technology
Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Time division duplex (TDD)
Duplex Transmission
Frequency Division Duplex Time Division Duplex
frequency
frequency
Uplink
Uplink
Uplink
Downlink
Downlink
Downlink
FDD and TDD
Sharing the frequency by using
different codes
Codes
Power (P)
Time
Frequency
CDMA identifies each
conversation by a code
rather than frequency or
time slice
Features of CDMA
High spectrum efficiency: Adjacent cells can be distributed with
same frequency. That is why the spectrum efficiency is very high
and the capacity is also very large in CDMA system. But it also
cause self-interference

Features of CDMA
Self-interference system: Adjacent cells can be distributed with same
frequency. It cause self-interference, the capacity and quality of CDMA
system will be worse, so many technologies were invented to control the
interference and it is hard to carry out
Security: After spreading, the narrowband signal of the user will be
changed to broadband signal. It is close to noise, only people who use
the same spreading code can revert it.
Soft capacity: Because all of the carrier resource (the main resource is
power) is shared by all of the users, if some users occupy more power,
it will cause the capacity lower.
More band occupancy

Contents
3. 3G objective
6. CDMA Principle
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Spreading Modulation
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
& Deinterleaving
Despreading Demodulation
Transmission
Reception
chip
modulated
signal
bit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Receiver
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
& Deinterleaving
Transmission
Reception
chip
modulated
signal
bit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Receiver
WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
Speech
A integrated speech codec with 8
source rates
The AMR bit rates can be controlled
by the RAN depending on the system
load and quality of the speech
connections
Video Phone Service
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS
domain
Includes: video codec, speech codec,
data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
AMR_10.20 10.2
AMR_7.95 7.95
AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR)
AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
AMR_5.90 5.9
AMR_5.15 5.15
AMR_4.75 4.75
Transmitter
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
& Deinterleaving
Transmission
Reception
chip
modulated
signal
bit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Receiver
WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal
when interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of
the delay
Types
No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
Code Block
of N Bits
No Coding
1/2 Convolutional
Coding
1/3 Convolutional
Coding
1/3 Turbo Coding
Uncoded N bits
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coded 3N+24 bits
Coded 3N+12 bits
WCDMA Interleaving
Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
(
(
(
(
(
(
1 1 1 0
1 ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 . . . 1 0 1 1 1
(
(
(
(
(
(
1 1 1 0
1 ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Inter-column
permutation
Output bits
Input bits
Interleaving periods:
20, 40, or 80 ms
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
& Deinterleaving
Transmission
Reception
chip
modulated
signal
bit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Receiver
WCDMA air interface properties
Frequency
Band
Duration
(spreading factor)
Power
WCDMA
Originating Bit Received Bit
Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
Identical and Orthogonal signals:
Correlation = 0
Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1

-1 1 -1 1

1 1 1 1
+1

-1
+1

-1
+1

-1
+1

-1
Correlation = 1
Identical signals
-1 1 -1 1

1 1 1 1

-1 1 -1 1
C1
C2
+1
+1
C1
C2
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding
UE1: 1 1

UE2: 1 1

C
1
: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C
2
: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE2c2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

UE1c1 UE2c2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding
UE1C
1
UE2C
2
: 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
0

UE1 Dispreading by c1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result: 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
Integral judgment: 4 (means1) 4 (means1)

UE2 Dispreading by c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result: 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
Integral judgment: 4 (means1) 4 (means1)
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise & Other Signal
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
Process Gain
Process Gain

Process gain differs for each service.
If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE
needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this
service will be smaller, vice versa.
)
rate bit
rate chip
log( 10 Gain ocess Pr =
Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps:
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
scrambling
channelization
Data
symbol
Chips after
spreading
WCDMA Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as
channelization code
SF = 8 SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
C
ch,1,0
= (1)
C
ch,2,0
= (1,1)
C
ch,2,1
= (1, -1)
C
ch,4,0
= (1,1,1,1)
C
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
C
ch,8,0
= (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
C
ch,8,1
= (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
C
ch,8,2
= (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,8,3
= (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
C
ch,8,4
= (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,8,5
= (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
C
ch,8,6
= (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
C
ch,8,7
= (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)

WCDMA Channelization Code
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code
Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF
Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128
Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32
Purpose of Channelization Code
Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical
channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one UE

Purpose of Scrambling Code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different
cells in one carrier
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UEs
in one carrier

Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
There are 2
24
long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are
assigned by RNC.
For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.

Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Group 0

Primary
scrambling code 0

Primary
scrambling code
8*63

Primary
scrambling code
8*63 +7
512 primary
scrambling
codes

Group 1
Group 63
Primary
scrambling code 1
Primary
scrambling code 8
64 primary
scrambling code
groups
Each group consists of 8
primary scrambling codes
Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
Channelization code 1
User 1 signal
User 2 signal
User 3 signal
NodeB
Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
NodeB
Scrambling code 3
User 3 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 1
User 1 signal
Channelization code
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
& Deinterleaving
Transmission
Reception
chip
modulated
signal
bit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Receiver
WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different
transmitting abilities in air interface

HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAM R99/R4: QPSK
Source
Coding
Channel
Coding
Source
Decoding
Channel
Decoding
Transmission
Reception
chip
modulated
signal
bit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Transmitter
Receiver
Wireless Propagation
Received
Signal
Transmitted
Signal
Transmission Loss:
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Time
Amplitude
Propagation of Radio Signal
Signal at Transmitter
Signal at Receiver
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
d
B

0
0
d
B
m

-20
-15
-10
-5
5
10
15
20
Fading
Fading Categories
Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for
combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth
frequency spectrum
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Principle of RAKE Receiver
Receive set
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength

Combiner
The
combined
signal
t
t
s(t) s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise & Other Signal
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
Summary
In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle
UTRAN Voice Coding
UTRAN Channel Coding
UTRAN Spreading Code
UTRAN Scrambling Code
UTRAN Modulation
UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency. It make the
signal more efficient.
Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable.
Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference.
Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals
from digital signals.
Bit, Symbol, Chip
Bit : data after source coding
Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
Chip: data after spreading

Contents
3. 3G objective
6. CDMA Principle
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
3GPP Rel99
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel5
2000
2001 2002

GSM/GPRS CN
IMS
HSDPA
3GPP Rel6
MBMS
HSUPA
2005

CS domain change to
NGN
WCDMA Network Version Evolution
Features of R6
MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) is introduced
HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) is introduced to achieve the
service rate up to 5.76Mbps
Features of R7
HSPA+ (High Speed Packet access) is introduced, which adopts higher order
modulation and MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out)
Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
Features of R8
WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced
Max DL rate: 100Mbps, Max UL rate: 50Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
Overall Scheme for the 3G Network
C2/C1 IP
backbone
network
MGW
RNC
Convergenc
e node
Large-capacity
expansion at the
access layer
MADM
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
IP network, ATM
transmission mode
IP network, higher
QoS requirement
MSC/VLR HLR
STP
GGSN
SGSN
Internet
Abbreviation
MSC Mobile services Switching Centre
GMSC Gateway Mobile services Switching Centre
VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register
AuC Authentication Centre
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
CN Core Network
CS Circuit Switch
PS Package Switch
UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
RNS Radio Network system
RNC Radio Network Controller
UE User Equipment
WCDMA Network Architecture
GSM /GPRS BSS
BTS
BSC
NodeB
RNC
PCU
UTRAN

SCP
SMS
SCE
HLR/AUC
SGSN
CG
BG
GGSN
GPRS backbone
SS7
MGW MGW
IP/ATM Backbone
VMSC Server
GMSC Server
PSTN
ISDN
Other PLMN
Internet,
Intranet
A
Abis
Um
IuPs
IuCs
Iub
Uu
Gn
Gb
Network Entities
User Equipment (UE):A device allowing a user access to network
services.

NodeB :A logical node responsible for radio transmission/reception in
one or more cells to/from the UE. It connects to the RNC through the Iub
interface.
Comparison between SIM & USIM
Data stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Embedded data: IMSI, KI, A3, and A8
Temporary network data: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
(TMSI), Location Area Identity (LAI), Kc, CKSN, and data related to
the barred PLMN services
Data stored in the USIM-Universal subscriber identity module
card
IMSI
KI
Authentication and encryption algorithms, namely, f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f1*,
f5*, UIE, and UIA
OP or OPC (Operator variant algorithm configuration field)
SQNMS (Sequence number for mobile station)

2G-to-3G Customer Migration
USIM

GSM/UMTS
Dual-mode Mobile
SIM
GSM-only Environment 3G Environment
GSM mobile + SIM
Working No access
Dual-mode mobile + SIM
Working Working, provided operators
allows the access with SIM
GSM mobile + USIM
Working, without any upgrade for
GSM network elements
No access
Dual-mode mobile + USIM
Working Working
Network Entities
Radio Network Controller (RNC): This equipment in the RNS is in
charge of controlling the use and the integrity of the radio resources.
Media Gateway (MGW): A gateway that supports bearer traffic. The
functions of MGW are:
Bearer control
Bearer channel termination
Media conversion
Payload processing
Mobile specific functions
transcoding (UMTS only)

Network Entities
Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC): MSC is in the core position of
switching in the CDMA system. MSC provides interfaces connecting with
each function entity and public network in the CDMA system and
implements interconnection between mobile subscribers and
interconnection between mobile subscriber and PSTN subscriber.
Home Location Register (HLR) :The HLR contains the master database
of all subscribers in the PLMN. This data is remotely accessed by the
MSCs and VLRs in the network. The data can also be accessed by an
MSC or a VLR in a different PLMN to allow inter-system and inter-country
roaming. A PLMN may contain more than one HLR, in which case each
HLR contains a portion of the total subscriber database. There is only one
database record per subscriber.

Network Entities
Visitor Location Register (VLR) :The Visited Location Register (VLR) is
a local subscriber database, holding details on those subscribers who
enter the area of the network that it covers. The details are held in the
VLR until the subscriber moves from one LAI to another LAI. The data
includes most of the information stored at the HLR, as well as more
precise location and status information. The VLR provides the system
elements local to the subscriber, with basic information on that subscriber,
thus removing the need to access the HLR every time subscriber
information is required.
Authentication Centre(AUC) :The AUC is a processor system that
perform authentication function.It is normally co-located with the HLR.The
authentication process usually takes place each time the subscriber
initializes on the system.Each subscriber is assigned an authentication
key (Ki) which is stored in the SIM and at the AUC.
Network Entities
Equipment Identity Register (EIR) : It is used to verification of User
Terminal/mobile equipment
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): Functions of SGSN are:
Network Access Control
(authentication, authorisation, admission control, CDR collection, operator
determined barring)
Packet Routing & Transfer
(relay, routing, address translation & mapping, encapsulation, tunnelling)
Gateway GPRS support Node (GGSN):The Gateway GPRS Support Node
supports the edge routing function of the GPRS network. To external packet data
networks the GGSN performs the task of an IP router. Firewall and filtering
functionality, to protect the integrity of the GPRS core network, are also associated
with the GGSN along with a billing function.
Network Entities
Border Gateway (BG) : this used For secure inter-PLMN connection
Charging Gateway (CG) : It is intermediate between SGSN/GGSN and
used as a billing centre.
Microwave transmission: MW supports Hybrid based Backhaul (TDM
plus IP) for 2G& 3G and Pure Packet Based Backhaul for 3G.
Optical transmission: Optical Transmission supports Dual core
switching MSTP+. MSTP+ includes MPLS & SDH.

Typical Service Interfaces in the 3G
Network
Multiple types of service interfaces are required in the 3G network.
Signaling interface: E1/FE
NodeB-RNC interface: E1/Optical/FE
RNC-MGW/MSC interface: E1/Optical/FE/GE
RNC-RNC interface: E1/Optical/FE/GE
MGW-MGW interface: E1/Optical/FE/GE
RNC-SGSN interface: E1/Optical/FE/GE
SGSN-GGSN interface: FE/GE
SGSN-SGSN interface: GE/FE
Gateway office interfaces in the core network:
E1 (PSTN, GSM), GE (Long-distance, NGN)
GE/FE (NGN gateway)
Contents
3. 3G objective
6. CDMA Principle
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow
ASYCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
C A C C C
A A
C C C C
A B B B B
B B B B
Asynchronous
Multiplexing
Asynchronous Multiplexing can utilise the transmission capacity more flexibly
ATM provides a "bit pipe" by providing Virtual Circuits
Packets can be put on to the network whenever the packet is ready and a path from
source to destination is available. Therefore it is called asynchronous.
The ATM cell has a fixed size.
ATM cell
IT CONSISTS OF 53 BYTES.
5 BYTES ARE HEADER AND 48 BYTES ARE PAYLOAD.
Can carry any type of information
Two types of ATM cells
ATM UNI (User-Network Interface) cell; used for communication between ATM
endpoints and ATM switches
ATM NNI (Network-Node Interface) cell; used for communication between ATM
switches
Header
5 bytes
Payload
48 bytes
53 bytes
Virtual Path (VP)
Virtual Channel (VC)
ATM Cell Virtual Channel
Virtual Path
Virtual Channel = Virtual Circuit
Virtual Paths = Logical grouping of Virtual
Circuits an ATM switch can perform
operations on groups of Virtual Circuits
Transmission Path
= A bundle of Virtual Paths
Virtual Path, Virtual Channel, Transmission
Path
Contents
3. 3G objective
6. CDMA Principle
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow
The handoff process uses a mobile assisted technique for accurate and fast handovers, in order to:
Maintain the user connection link quality.
Manage traffic distribution
Measurement of radio subsystem downlink performance and signal strengths received from
surrounding cells, is made in the UE.
These measurements are sent to the RNS for assessment.
The RNS measures the uplink performance for the MS being served and also assesses the signal
strength of interference on its idle traffic channels.
Initial assessment of the measurements in conjunction with defined thresholds and handover
strategy may be performed in the RNS. Assessment requiring measurement results from other
RNS or other information resident in the MSC, may be perform in the MSC.
Handoff
WCDMA handoffSoft handoff
Soft handover feature:
Only for CDMA systemhappened between intra frequency cell
First establish the link of object cell, then interrupt the link of
source cell to avoid the gap.
Soft handover will take up more system resource than hard
handover
UE move
Target BS
Source BS
time
Data UE
received/
sent
N o GAP of communication

Concepts about Soft Handoff
Soft handover: The signals from different NodeBs are merged
in RNC.
Softer handover: the signals from different cells, but from the
same NodeB are merged in NodeB.

Node B
RNC
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Soft Handoff Flow
Core Network
There is no handoff, only one radio links is connected with UE.
Node B
RNC
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Merged in NodeB
Softer Handoff Flow
Core Network
Merged in RNC
Node B
RNC
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Soft Handoff Flow
Core Network
Soft Handoff Flow (SRNC-DRNC)
Merged in SRNC
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Serving RNC
Drift RNC
Core Network
Soft Handoff Flow (SRNC Relocation)
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Serving RNC
RNC
Core Network
UE move
Target BS
Source BS
time
Data UE
received/
sent
GAP of communication
WCDMA handoffhard handoff
Hard handoff feature:
First interrupt the link of source cell, then establish the link
of object cell
Gap in the conversation
Non-WCDMA only supply hard handover
Before Handover
After Handover
Radio Link can not exist simultaneously
SRNC
NodeB NodeB
SRNC
NodeB NodeB
Hard Handoff (Intra-RNC)
CN CN
Contents
3. 3G objective
6. CDMA Principle
9. ATM
10. WCDMA handover
11. Basic Call Flow

UE BS BSC RNC BTS MS MSC/VLR MSC/VLR HLR
9. HLR Enquiry
10. Send Routing Information (MSRN)
11. Call Setup Continues
13. Paging Response
14. Setup
15. Call Confirmed/Alert
16. Conversation
5. Call Setup
7. RAB Setup / Radio Link Modification
6. Bearer Assignment Request (Create) - Bearer Parameters and Binding ID
8. Bearer Assignment Complete
4. RRC Setup Complete
2. Radio Link Setup
3. Radio Resource Connection Setup
1. Radio Resource Connection Request
12. Paging
Simplified UMTS-GSM call setup
Thank you
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