QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

VALUES ARE NUMERICAL IN NATURE

Grade point average Weight Age Family income Birth rate Number of children in a family

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
CLASSIFICATION

Discrete variable assume a countable number of values No. of children 0, 1, 2, 3 Continuous variable assume an infinite number of values Average grade 1.5, 2.0

QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
VALUES ARE CATEGORIES, NOT SUBJECT TO QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION

Gender Political party affiliation Occupation Religious preference Marital status Employment status

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
APPLIES TO QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

NOMINAL SCALE only categories, with neither numerical quantity nor order implied Gender Religious preference Occupation

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
APPLIES TO QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

ORDINAL SCALE observations can be ranked from smallest to largest Outcome of a beauty contest Degrees of feeling or opinion Professors performance (poor, fair, average, good, excellent)

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
APPLIES TO QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

INTERVAL SCALE specifies numerical distance between the values Intelligence quotient Temperature (no uniquely defined zeros)

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
APPLIES TO QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

RATIO SCALE a line number with zero fixed Weight Height Income Grade point average

DATA PRESENTATION
Textual Method

Data revealed that during school year 2005-2006, out of the 350 total enrollment in the OSEC, majority of the students were superintendent, and this is represented by 280 or 80.0%. Students with the rank of major occupied the second largest group .

DATA PRESENTATION
Tabular Method

Numerical information displayed in a more concise, systematic manner in rows and columns

DATA PRESENTATION
Graphical Method

Data in visual form such that quantitative values are easily conveyed and comparison readily available

DISPLAYING NOMINAL/ORDINAL DATA

FREQUENCY TABLE list of categories of the nominal and ordinal data with associated frequency
DO YOU BELIEVE THAT THE POSSESSION OF A SMALL AMOUNT OF MARIJUANA IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE?

RESPONSE

FREQUENCY

----------------------------------------------Yes No No opinion 516 648 36

----------------------------------------------TOTAL 1,200

DISPLAYING NOMINAL/ORDINAL DATA

FREQUENCY TABLE
DO YOU BELIEVE THAT THE POSSESSION OF A SMALL AMOUNT OF MARIJUANA IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE?

RESPONSE

FREQUENCY

RELATIVE FREQ.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yes No No opinion 516 648 36 0.43 0.54 0.03

------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL 1,200 1.00

DISPLAYING NOMINAL/ORDINAL DATA

FREQUENCY TABLE
DO YOU BELIEVE THAT THE POSSESSION OF A SMALL AMOUNT OF MARIJUANA IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE? RESPONSE FREQUENCY Male Female RELATIVE FREQ. Male Female

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yes No No opinion 294 385 21 222 263 15 0.420 0.550 0.030 0.444 0.526 0.300

------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL 700 500 1.000 1.000

DISPLAYING NOMINAL/ORDINAL DATA

FREQUENCY TABLE
SURVEY TO RATE DORMITORY RESPONSE FREQUENCY RELATIVE FREQ.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Very desirable Desirable Sufficient Livable Undesirable 120 180 360 240 100 12% 18% 36% 24% 10%

------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL 1,000 100%

DISPLAYING NOMINAL/ORDINAL DATA

Not exactly a form of frequency table
Estimated rate (per 100,000 persons 12 years of age or older) of personal victimization, United States, 1979. Type of victimization Rate per 100,000

----------------------------------------------------------------Rape and attempted rape Robbery Assault Personal larceny with contact Personal larceny without contact 145 1,709 5,490 783 17,185

SOURCE: Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1981, p. 251, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington D.C.

DISPLAYING NOMINAL/ORDINAL DATA

BAR GRAPH: simplest form

160 FREQ. 120 80 40

88

152

28

Single

Married

Widowed

MARITAL STATUS

DISPLAYING NOMINAL/ORDINAL DATA

PIE GRAPH: percentage

MARRIED 56.7%

SINGLE 32.8%

WIDOWED 10.4%

DISPLAYING INTERVAL/RATIO DATA

FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM

6 FREQ. 5 4 3 2 1
1 1 3 2

29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5

TYPING SCORES

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Grouped Data
Sturges Rule guide the number of classes to use k = 1 + 3.3 log N Where: k N = number of class intervals = total number of observations

log N = logarithm of N to the base 10 Range, R = maximum score minimum score

CLASS INTERVAL, c = R/k

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
AGE RAW DATA PNCO PCO 40 28 40 30 39 35 54 45 32 52 35 50 37 53 44 28 50 25 25 32

k = 1 + 3.3 log N = 1 + 3.3 log 20 = 5.3 Range, R = 54 25 = 29 Class Interval, c = R/k c = 29/5.3 = 5.4; say 5

Class Tally 25 30 31 36 37 42 43 48 49 54 Total

PNCO Freq. 1 2 4 1 2 10 % 10 20 40 10 20 100

PCO Freq. 4 2 0 1 3 10 % 40 20 0 10 30 100