E_English Grammar Course

LECTURE 3 The Simple Sentence

Issues
1.
2.

Clause Patterns
Sentence Elements and their Meanings

3.
4.

Concord
Negation

5.

Questions, Commands, Exclamations

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Clause types

Clause Types
Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

Clause types

Clause types transformed

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Clause types

Clause Types
Clause Elements

S, V, O, C, A Obligatory vs. Optional They appointed him head of office last week. S V O C A
Clause types

Clause types transformed

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Clause types

Clause Types
Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

Clause types Obligatory clause patterns are those which are required for the complementation of the verb. Clause types transformed

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Clause types

Clause Types
Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs. I put the book. Clause types He resembled his father (SVO) vs. He resembled. (Sometimes) she sings (beautifully). Clause types transformed He is eating (the cake).

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Clause Types
SVA Mary is in the house. SVC Mary is kind. SVO Somebody Clause Elements caught the ball. SVOA I put the vase on the table. SVOC She has proved it wrong. SVOO Obligatory Mom buys me a new bike. vs. Optional SV The lady smiled.
7 Clause types

Clause types

Clause types transformed

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Clause Types
Clause types
Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

Passive transformation

7 Clause types

SV, SVC, SVA equivalents

Clause types transformed

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Clause Types
Clause types
Passive transformation
Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

Many critics disliked the play (SVOd) The play was disliked by many critics. (S + Vpass + [A])

7 Clause types

Clause types transformed

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Clause Types
Clause types
Passive transformation
Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

Mom considered him a genius. (SVOC) He was considered a genius (by Mom). (SVC [A])

7 Clause types

Clause types transformed

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Clause Types
Clause types
SV, SVC, SVA equivalents
Clause Elements

Obligatory vs. Optional

1. SV

7 Clause types SVC The baby is sleeping The baby is asleep 2. SV SVC Clause types transformed Two loaves will suffice Two loaves will be sufficient 3. SVC SVA He is jobless He is without a job.

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Clause Types

Which clause type does each of the following sentences belong to? 1. Hes getting angry. 2. He got through the window. 3. Hell get a surprise. 4. He got his shoes and socks wet. 5. He got himself into trouble. 6. He got her a splendid present.

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1
1.
2. 3.

Clause Types
SVC Hes getting angry. SVA He got through the window. SVO Hell get a surprise. SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet. SVOA He got himself into trouble. SVOO He got her a splendid present.
One verb can belong to a number of different classes.

4.
5. 6.

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Sentence elements syntactically defined Subject Object See Quirk, pp170 Complement

Adverbial

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive instrumental

locative temporal

affected
recipient

eventive
Empty It

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive instrumental

locative She opened the door. temporal

affected
recipient

eventive
IT

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive instrumental

locative The key opens the door. temporal

affected
recipient

eventive
IT

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive instrumental

locative temporal

affected
recipient

eventive The door opens.

IT

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive instrumental

locative temporal

affected
recipient

eventive
She has a new IT shirt.

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive This room accommodates 20 people. instrumental

locative temporal

affected
recipient

eventive
IT

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive Tomorrow is my birthday. instrumental

locative temporal

affected
recipient

eventive
IT

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive instrumental

locative temporal

The meeting ended successfully. affected

recipient

eventive
IT

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive instrumental

locative temporal

affected
Its wonderful to meet you. recipient

eventive
Empty IT

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Object

Od affected

Oi We opened the door.

effected
locative

He invented the telephone.

We passed the building.

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Object

Od We paid him a visit. We gave him some money.

Oi affected

recipient

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Complements

Cs Current attribute He is tired.

Co

Resulting attribute

He becomes tired.

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Sentence elements and their meanings

Semantic Roles of the Complement

Cs We found the room empty. They left the room empty.

Co Current attribute

Resulting attribute

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3
CONCORDS

Concords
Grammatical concord

Notional Concord

Concord by Proximity

Concord with coordinated subject

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Grammatical Concord

Concords
Subject - Verb Subject - Complement Subject - Object Pronoun

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Grammatical Concord

Concords
Subject - Verb

Subject - Complement SUBJECT sing/plur VERB sing/plur This dish is dirty/ These dishes are dirty. SUBJECT (clause) VERB sing What they are doing now is my concern. Pronoun Subject - Object

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Grammatical Concord

Concords
Subject - Verb Subject - Complement Subject - Object The child was an angel. The children are angels. Pronoun

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3
Grammatical Concord

Concords
Subject - Verb Subject - Complement

He injured himself.

Subject - Object Pronoun

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Grammatical Concord

Concords
Subject - Verb Subject - Complement The boy likes his toys Subject - Object Pronoun

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Notional Concord

Concords
Nominal clause Collective noun

The verb agrees with the idea of plural rather than the actual singular form of the noun

None

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Notional Concord

Concords
Nominal clause

Collective noun What he says isnt true. (= The thing he says isnt true) What they like best are None tea and coffee. ( The things they like)

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Notional Concord

Concords
Nominal clause Collective noun The cabinet are having None a rest. (All members of the cabinet) The cabinet has reached an agreement. (The cabinet as a whole)

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Notional Concord

Concords
Nominal clause Collective noun None

None of the students like Grammar. None of the cheese is fresh.

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Concord by Proximity

Concords
Set phrases Existential sentence with there The verb tends to agree with whatever noun or pronoun closely precedes it, instead of the head word of the subject Either or

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Concord by Proximity

Concords
Set phrases Existential sentence with there One in ten take drugs. Either or

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3
Concord by Proximity

Concords
Set phrases Existential sentence with there Either or There are two chairs and a desk there. There is a chair and two desks there.

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Concord by Proximity

Concords
Set phrases Existential sentence with there Either or Either my brother or I am to blame for the error. Either the teacher or the students need to do this.

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Concord with coordinated subject

Concords
Coordinated subject representing a single entity

normally takes a plural verb

When the NPs refer to the same thing/ person

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3
Concord with coordinated subject

Concords
Coordinated subject representing a single entity

refer the same The hammer and the sickle wasWhen flyingthe on NPs top of the to building. thing/ person

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3
Concord with coordinated subject

Concords
Coordinated subject representing a single entity

When the NPs refer to the same thing/ person

His lawyer and former college friend, Max Weber, was with him at his death.

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Negation
The negation of a sentence is accomplished by inserting not between the operator and the predication.
E.g.

The attempt has succeeded. The attempt has not succeeded. We may win the match. We may not win the match.

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1.
2. 3.

Negation
Assertives vs. Non-assertives Negative intensification Alternative Negative elements Scope of negation Focus of negation Relationship between scope and focus of negation Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

4.
5. 6. 7.

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Negation
Assertives
Some Someone Somewhere Somehow To some extent Already A great deal Too A long way Too A long time

Non-assertive forms = items that do not naturally occur outside negative, interrogative, and conditional sentences.
E.g. I saw him somewhere. I didnt see him anywhere. (Quirk p.184)

Non-assertives
Any Anyone Anywhere In any way At all Yet Much Either Far Very Long

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Negation
Negative Intensification = ways to give emotive intensification to a negative.

I found nothing at all the matter with him. I have no excuse whatever. I'll never, never go there again. I've never in all my life seen such a crowd. She has never spoken to me even a single word.

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Negation
Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another element may be negated)

An honest man would not lie -> No honest man would lie. I didn't see any birds -> I saw no birds.

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Scope of Negation

Negation
Normally extends from the negative word itself to the end of the clause.
E.g. I definitely didnt speak to him. (Its definite that I did not.) I didnt definitely speak to him. (Its not definite that I did.)

= The stretch of language over which the negative meaning operates

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Focus of Negation
The contrastive nuclear stress

Negation
1.JOHN doesnt love Mary. Somebody loves Mary but its not John. 2. John doesnt LOVE Mary. John likes Mary but its not love. 3. John doesnt love MARY. John loves somebody else but its not Mary.

falling on a particular part of a

clause indicates that the contrast of meaning implicit in the negation is

located at that spot and the rest of

the clause can be understood in a positive sense.

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Scope & Focus of Negation The scope must include the focus, and by the position of the focus we can realize the extent of the scope

Negation
I didnt LISTEN all the time.
(I listened none of the time.) I didnt listen ALL the time. (I listened some of the time.)

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Scope & Focus of Negation The scope must include the focus, and by the position of the focus we can realize the extent of the scope.

Negation
In each of the following case, does John love Mary or not? John doesnt LOVE Mary because she is a teacher.
John doesnt love Mary because she is a TEACHER.

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation

The scope of negation Main Verb Negation includes the meaning of the auxiliary itself

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation

1. cant (in all sense) Main Verb Negation You cant be serious. (It is not possible that) You cant go swimming. (You are not allowed) She cant ride a bicycle. (She is not able to)

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation

Main Verb Negation 2. Neednt You neednt pay that fine. (You are not obliged to)
It neednt be my fault. (it is not necessary that)

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation

3. May not ( =Verb permission) Main Negation You may not go swimming. (You are not allowed to)

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

1. May not (=possibility) They may not bother to come if its wet. Auxiliary Negation

Main Verb Negation

(It is possible that they will not bother to come.)

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

Will not/ wont

Shall not/ shant Must not/ mustnt Ought not/ oughtnt

Main Verb Negation

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

Will not/ wont

Main Verb Negation

Shall not/ shant Dont worry. I wont interfere (Im willing not to interfere.) Must not/ He mustnt wont do it (He insists on not doing it.) Ought not/ oughtnt They wont have arrived yet (I predict that theyve not arrived yet.

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

Will not/ wont

Shall not/ shant

Main Verb Negation

Must not/ mustnt Dont worry, you shant lose your reward. (Im willing to see that you dont lose your reward. Ought not/ oughtnt

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

Will not/ wont

Shall not/ shant

Main Verb Negation

Must not/ mustnt I shant know when you return (I predict that I shall not know) Ought not/ oughtnt

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

Will not/ wont

Main Verb Negation

You mustnt keepnot/ us all waiting (Youll oblige me for not keeping) Shall shant Must not/ mustnt Ought not/ oughtnt

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Negation
Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

Will not/ wont

Main Verb Negation

YouShall oughtnt keep us waiting (obligation) not/ to shant

He Must oughtnt be long (necessity) not/to mustnt

Ought not/ oughtnt

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Statements

Types of simple sentences

Questions
Commands Exclamations

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Statements

Types of simple sentences

Sentences in which the subjectQuestions is always present and generally precedes the verb. Commands
Exclamations

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Statements

Types of simple sentences

Questions
Commands Alternative Questions Exclamations

Yes No Questions

Wh - Questions

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Questions

Yes No Questions

Wh - Questions

Alternative Questions

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Questions

Yes No Questions

Wh - Questions Alternative Questions General Yes No questions Has the boat left? Yes-no questions with positive orientation: Has the boat left already? Yes-no questions with positive orientation: Hasnt the boat left yet?

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Questions

Yes No Questions

Wh - Questions Alternative Questions Tag questions Rising tone = neutral assumption Falling tone: Positive assumption + positive expectation Negative assumption + negative expectation

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Questions

Yes No Questions

Wh -Declarative Questions Questions Alternative Questions

Youve got the explosive?

He didnt finished it?

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Questions

Yes No Questions

Wh -Exclamatory Questions Questions Alternative Questions

Negative Y-N
Hasnt he grown! Wasnt it good! Positive Y N Am I hungry! Do I look annoyed!

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Questions

Yes No Questions

Wh - Questions

Alternative Questions

Wh- word pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose Who went there with her? (Wh-word = S) Who(m) did he talk to? (Wh-word = Od) Which book have you lent him? (Wh-word = premodifier) Whose beautiful antiques are they? (Wh-word = determiner) Who did you lent to book to? (Wh-word = Oi)

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Questions

Yes No Questions

Wh - Questions

Alternative Questions

Wh- word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + adj/adv When will you come back? (A time) Where should I put these? (A place) Why arent they coming? (A reason) How did they mend it? (A manner)

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Questions

Yes No Questions

Wh - Questions

Alternative Questions

Would you like tea, coffee, or milk? Which ice cream would you like. Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry?

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Statements

Types of simple sentences

Questions
Commands

sentences that make use of the imperative mood in the main, or sometimes of questions with Exclamations the initial modal - particularly with invitations or requests.

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Without subject

Commands

With subject
With let

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Without subject

Commands

With subject Positive: Be reasonable Negative: Dont make noise With let

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Without subject

Commands

With subject
You as subject With let pronoun S Infinite

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Without subject

Commands

With subject
You as subject With let -You there be quiet! -You come here, Jack, and you come over there, Mary. - Will you come in and sit down?

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Without subject

Commands

With subject
With let Indefinite Pronoun S Positive: Somebody open the door! Everybody shut their eyes! Negative: Dont anyone say anything!

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Commands Without subject
With subject With let Positive: Lets go out./ Let each man decide for himself. Negative: Lets open the door/ Dont let him lose heart.

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Statements

Types of simple sentences

Questions
Full exclamation Short exclamation Commands Exclamations

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions Full exclamation What an enormous crowd came! Commands How delightful her manners are! Exclamations Short exclamation

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Questions, Commands & Exclamation

Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions Short exclamation What a book! Commands How wonderful! Exclamations Full exclamation