An Eco-friendly Solution for Human Waste Management

A DRDO Presentation

Present World Scenario

According to UNICEF / WHO estimates:

About 1/7thof world population still openly defecate in the absence of any toilet / latrine, of which 60% live in India. Global impact of poor sanitation on human health and infant / child death is profound Estimated 10 million children under 5 - die globally every year - out of which 2.4 million are in India.

Worlds largest mobile toilet

Indian Railways Worlds largest rail network 115000 km Runs 10000 trains daily 20 million passengers travel by train every day 59713 passenger coaches

The Indian Railways

Priorities are Different

60% (626 million) in India do not have toilet This makes India the number one country in the world where open defecation is practised Indonesia with 63 million is a far second! Less than 10% of Gram Panchayats in India are ODF

Telephone statistics - May 2012 ( Source: trai.gov.in )

Telephone Subscribers (Wireless and Landline): 960.0 million Land Lines: 31.53 million Cell phones: 929.37 million Monthly Cell phone Addition: 8.35 million Tele density: 79.28% Annual Cell phone Addition: 227.27 million Projected Tele density: 1.159 billion, 97% of population by 2013

Problems of Open Defecation

Pollution of fecal matter with drinking water leads to contamination of food, fruits & vegetables, animals (direct contact, flies & rodents) Water borne diseases Viral gastroenteritis Typhoid Cholera epidemics Diarrhoea (annually kills 5 Lakhs children) Viral hepatitis (100 cases per 100,000 people) Organic pollution Aesthetic nuisance

Defecation
Open defecation

Individual houses toilets dry, soak pit, twin pit & septic tank

Flush & Forget

Dry Pit Toilets

Most commonly used by NGOs in TSC

Ventilated Dry pit toilet

Twin (Dry) pit toilet

The pits needs periodical evacuation

Manual scavenging problem not solved

Twin-Pit Pour-Flush Toilet (Leach Pit Toilets)

Adapted from http://www.k4rd.org /ruraltech_pit.htm [Accessed: 01.06.2010]

Junction / Inspection chamber

Distance not less than the pit depth

Courtesy: SSWM

The pits are constructed in brick line (much like a honeycomb to facilitate the liquid to flow out) or with perforated concrete tubes (e.g. prefabricated) A wooden or concrete slab to prevent people falling into them The pit shape can be circular or rectangular, but circular pits are more stable Pits should be placed symmetrically at the back of the latrine pan and have a minimal distance of the pit depth to prevent cross-contamination. If the spacing between the two pits is to be reduced, an impervious barrier should be provided between them

Septic Tank

Outlet to drain / leach pit

Sludge needs periodical evacuation (in case no drain more frequent evacuation of septic tank required)

Percentage of Households Having No Latrine India, 2001-2011

10.5 % improvement in 10 years

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Percentage of Households Having Water Closet India, 2001-2011

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Percentage Of Households Having Pit Latrine India, 2001-2011

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PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING OTHER LATRINE INDIA, 2001-2011

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Waste Treatment Challenges

Wide variation in temperature: -50oC to 50oC Variety Of Terrain: High Altitude, Hilly, Marshy, Plains, Desert, Coastal Areas & Islands Water Conditions: Low / High Water Table Dry / Flooded / Water Logged Areas Sweet / Salty Water Economic Constraints, Awareness, Casual Approach And Lack Of Concern

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Aerobic Vs Anaerobic Biodegradation

This comparison shows the respective fate of organic materials that are biodegraded under aerobic versus anaerobic conditions Aerobic treatment requires energy input for aeration whereas a net energy surplus is generated during anaerobic treatment, in the form of methane bearing biogas that can be used for various purposes

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AEROBIC Vs. ANAEROBIC

Aerobic biodegradation Forced aeration/ agitation is essential and is energy intensive Incomplete aeration (partial aerobic condition) leads to foul smell Not effective in pathogen inactivation Can not tolerate detergents/ phenyl Generates large amount of sludge Anaerobic biodegradation No aeration is required Complete anaerobic conditions More than 99% Pathogens inactivation Anaerobes can even degrade detergents/ phenyl Sludge generation is very less

Repeated addition of bacteria/ enzyme is One time bacterial inoculation is required for the process enough Maintenance & recurring cost is high Minimal maintenance & no recurring cost
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STEPS IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

Large polymers are converted into simpler monomers Simple monomers are converted into volatile fatty acids Volatile fatty acids are converted into acetic acid, CO2 & H2 Hydrolysis

Robust
Acidogenesis

Acetogenesis

Sensitive
Methanogenesis

Acetate & H2 are converted into CH4 & CO2

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Anaerobic Biodegradation

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Biodegradation at Low Temperature

Traditional Systems

Laddakhi Toilet Dtl

Sub-zero Temperature (-50c) Ceases The Microbial Activity & Natural Degradation Challenges Low Temperature Hilly Terrains Limited Energy Sources Low Oxygen
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Laboratory Findings
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM Screening & gradual adaptation Isolation of psychrophilic bacteria from Antarctica/ Siachen BIOAUGMENTAION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM
VFA degrading bacteria Psychrophilic proteolytic bacteria

CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM

HRT (25 days at 10C) Temp range (5-50C) Freeze-thaw resistance (two cycles)

PROCESS ENHANCEMENT
Immobilization CaCO3 Sulphate
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DRDO TECHNOLOGY - BIOTOILET

BACTERIA (INOCULUM) Anaerobic microbial consortium developed by acclimatization / enrichment of microbes at low temperature and bio-augmentation with critical group of bacteria

BIO-DIGESTER

Fermentation container made of mild steel / SS / FRP / bricks.

The dimensions and internal design varies with no. Of users, water availability and geo-climatic conditions
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Types of Biodigesters
High Altitude: Metal - 1 m3 & 2 m3 FRP (Heating) - 1 M3 Rail: Stainless Steel (Ss) 400 L Plain: FRP (Lakshadweep) 700 L

FRP 700 L
Biotank - 1 m3, 2 m3 & 5 m3
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Biodigester Development
Soil Glacier

Metal 50-60 men FRP 50-60 men

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Temp controlled: 20-25 men : 7-10 men (Modular)

Biodigesters

Metal Biodigesters

Biodigesters at Army Transit Camp Pang (Altitude: 15200 Ft)

Spot test for inflammability of biogas

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Biodigester at Siachen

Low Temperature Biodigesters for Soil Bound High Altitude Areas

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Modular Biodigesters for Glaciers

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Temperature Controlled Hybrid Biodigester

Digester Solar Panel Grinder & Toilet Grinder

Working at North Pullu (16400ft) since July 2006

Kitchen waste and human waste degradation
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Biodigesters Installed in Plains

DRDE, Gwalior

Vivekananda Needam, Gwalior

Games Village, New Delhi

Model 28

Town, New Delhi

hallenges In Rural Sector - Plains

No energy dependence Affordability Long lasting (at least 15 years) Require minimum water for cleaning Space constraints All weather system Allow use of toilet cleaning agents for better hygiene Free of manual scavenging / evacuation and Maintenance DRDO Bio-Digester addresses all above challenges adequately

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Biodigesters In Islands - Lakshadweep

FRP: 5-6 users Size: 700 L

12000 biotoilets are being installed 30

Onboard Treatment of Human Waste in Indian Railways

Lifeline to the nation .

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Genesis of the work

Trials of Microphor biotoilets (199395) by Indian Railway in AC coaches
Failure due to
Foul smell from tank

Trials with Integral Coach factory modified biotoilets (1995-96)

Failure due to

Cockroaches & flies infestation

Clogging of tanks Regular dosing enzymes with Bacteria and

Visible fecal matter from the tank

tanks getting filled biodegradable waste Foul smell non-

Manual removal of residual solid waste

DRDOs Approach Laboratory investigation Design and fabrication of digester Laboratory trials Onboard trial Barauni Mail in
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Director RDSO approached DRDO in 2004 for the solution in view of the expertise in the field of bioremediation of human waste at low temperature areas

DRDO Digester
Challenges
Reactor volume constraints Washout Vfa accumulation Souring Physico-chemical changes

Laboratory findings
Immobilization Extended reaction time

Digester designing
Single toilet Double toilet
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Double Toilet Digester

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Single Toilet Digester

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Installed Digesters
Installed Digesters

Gwalior-Barauni Express

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Railway Biodigester
DRDO + Indian Railways Collaborative Endeavors
9 trains fitted with 436 biotoilets 10000 biotoilets planned for 2012-13 Retro fitment in Old Coaches (50,000)

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Bio-digester Developed by R&DE (E), Pune

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Biotank: A Low Cost Ecofriendly Alternative to Septic Tank

Size: 1/4th to 1/10th Less space requirement Low material/ construction cost Can treat bathroom/kitchen wastewater also No foul smell Maintenance free

BioTank

BioTank cum Reed Bed 39

Special Features of DRDO Biotoilet

Low space requirement LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT Effluent is free from off odour and safe for environmetal discharge Maintenance free, no need to clean the tank

Choice of material for fabrication / construction Affordable Organic pollution reduction by 99% Pathogen inactivation by 99%

Permits toilet cleaning agents

Easy to transport and install Viability in all geoclimatic conditions prevalent in the country
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BIODIGESTER/BIOTANK : WATER QUALITY

Septic Tank Biodigester/ Biotank 7.0-7.2 Biotank + Reed bed treatment 7.0-7.5

pH

6.7-7.5

Turbidity (NTU)
Total Suspended (mg/L) TDS(mg/L) VS (mg/100ml) COD (mg/L) BOD 5 (mg/L) Coliforms (MPN/ml)

500-800
Solids 150-300 500-850 50-60 1200-2000 350-500 >3000
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70-90
90-120 350-450 20-30 250-300 70-120 300-350

2-5
50-80 100-300 5-12 15-25 2-4 0-12

LANDMARKS
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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO - IR

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between DRDO and Ministry of Railways, Government of India

MARCH 09, 2010

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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO- MDWS

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between DRDO and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India for successful implementation of this technology on national level.

JULY 26, 2012

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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO - MDWS

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Inauguration at Orissa

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PMs Address at DRDO Award Function (July 2012)

I was very happy to learn that DRDO in collaboration with FICCI has commercialised bio-toilet that promises to solve the problem of open defecation in rural India. If this green, cost effective flush and forget technology is successfully implanted, it will give a big boost to our Total Sanitation Campaign. Application of technology to social benefit 47 programmes should be expanded further.

Memorandum of Understanding DRDO -GAP

NOVEMBER 03, 2012 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between DRDO, FICCI and Ganga Action Parivar, Parmarth Niketan for Clean Ganga Action Plan

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For any enquiry contact

Mr S Radhakrishnan, Director, Directorate of Industry Interface & Technology Management (DIITM), DRDO HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi 110011

Ph No - 011-23013209 Fax 011-23793008 Email- radkrishnan100@gmail.com Ph No - 011-23007443, 9582705986

Col Atul Kumar Bhat, Jt Dir, DIITM

Email- atulshubhra@gmail.com

Mr Nirankar Saxena, Senior Director, FICCI Federation House, Tansen Marg, New Delhi

Ph No - 09811839174 Email- nirankar.saxena@ficci.com

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List of the TOT holders for Bio-digester

Kohinoor Metal Industries, Industrial Estate, Leh
Hindustan Metal Industries, Gwalior-474001 Flotech Engineering and Trading Services, Bangalore Aikon Technologies Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 110 003. Alfa Therm Limited New Delhi 110 064. S.B. Equipments New Delhi 110 005. Stone India Limited (SIL) Kolkata 700 088 Mohan Rail Components (P) Ltd., Kapurthala 144 602 Thakar Equipment Company New Delhi 20 Kemrock Industries & Exports Ltd. Vadodara 391 510. Flexo Foam Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 110 005. Omax Autos Limited Gurgaon 122 001 (HR). Escorts Limited New Delhi -110 001. CBS Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Delhi 110 096. Daulat Ram Industries Bhopal 462 023. Darshan Enterprises New Delhi - 110 020.

Rail Tech New Delhi -110 055.

Rail Coach Engrs., Kapurthala CTS Management Services P. Ltd., Noida (UP) 201 301. Faiveley Transport India Limited Hosur 635 109 (T.N.) Dass Hitachi Ltd. Ghaziabad 201 007 Saranya Electronics Ltd. Hyderabad 500 062. Sidwal Refrigeration Ind. Ltd. New Delhi - 62. Pushpa Enterprises, New Delhi 110 063. Samudra Shipyard (P) Ltd., Aroor 688 534 .(Kerala) Alfa System & Services, Noida- 201301 Shree Ram Raja Wood Packers, Gwalior-474 009, Go Green Solution Pvt., Ltd., Nagpur 15. Anjana Steel Industries Pvt., Ltd., Hoogly (WB) A.D. Electro-Steel Co. Pvt. Ltd., Howrah 711 113. E-Pack Polymers, Delhi,110 006

50 Airflow Equipments (India) P. Ltd., Chennai-600117

List of ToT Holders for Bio-digester

Airflow Equipments (India) P. Ltd., Chennai-600117 Super Flow Engg. Corp., Gwalior Maan Enviro Technologies, Indore Banka Enterprises Hyderabad 500 004. Besco Limited (Foundry Division) Kolkata 700 071 Arkin Creations Pvt Ltd Gurgaon-122001

LATOT TO BE FINALISED SHORTLY

1.

BSA Corporation Ltd. Srikar Biotech Pvt. Ltd. Real India Lifetech Pvt. Ltd.

2.

3.

4.

Eram Scientific Solutions Pvt. Ltd

Century Pharmaceuticals Mooreliving India Building Solutions LLP
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5.

6.

. for better Health & Hygiene

Thanks
Acknowledgments:

Dr Lokendra Singh Director Life Science & Patent Holder Dr Vijay Veer, Director, Defence Lab Tezpur Dr Soumya Chatterjee, Defence Lab, Tezpur & Patent Holder Col Atul Bhat, DI2TM

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