PRESENTED BY:

ADEYEMI AZEEM

Environment is defined as the totality of circumstances surrounding an organism or group of organisms especially the combination of external physical condition that affect and influence the growth, development and survival of organisms. It consists of the flora, fauna and a biotic component which include the aquatics, terrestrial and atmospheric habitats.

The environment is considered in terms of the most tangible aspects like air, water and food and the less tangible though no less important to the communities we live in[duruibe et al. 2007] Any substances in the environment, which causes objectionable effects, impairing the welfare of the environment , reducing the quality of life and may eventually cause death is known as pollutant such a substance has to be present in the environment beyond a set of tolerance limit which could be either a desirable or acceptable limit before it is considered a pollutant. Environmental pollutant from many different sources contaminate water, air and land putting human and ecosystems at risk [kirmani2010].

Environmental pollution is the presence of pollutant in the environment air, water and soil which may be poisonous or toxic and will cause harm to living thing in the polluted environment [duruibe et al] Over the last three decades, there has been increasing global concern over the public health impacts attributed to environment pollution, in particular the global burden of disease. The world health organization[WHO] estimates that about a quarter of the diseases facing mankind today occurs due to prolong exposure to environmental pollution[kirmani 2010]. The industrial and technological growth however has been accompanied by a growing negative impacts on the environment In term of its pollution and degradation. Industrialization carries with it the seed of environment damage assisted and abetted, by both needs and greed of man activities such as manufacturing, processing, transportation and consumption not only deplete the stock of natural resources but also add stress to the environmental system by accumulating the stock of wastes.

There are 35 metals that concern us because of occupational or residential exposure; 23 of these are the heavy elements or heavy metals: antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, platinum, silver, tellurium, thallium, tin, uranium, vanadium and zinc (Glanze, 1996). Indeed, the body actually has need for approximately 70 friendly trace element heavy metals. Interestingly, small amounts of these elements are common in our environment and diet and are actually necessary for good health but large amounts of any of them may cause acute or chronic toxicity (poisoning).

Some of these are trace elements (micronutrients) and perform essential functions for both plants and animals in which they constitute essential part of the metabolizing and/or detoxifying proteins or enzymes. Selenium, copper, zinc and iron are examples of this class of metals. Iron for example, prevents anaemia, and zinc is a cofactor in over 100 enzyme reactions. Magnesium and copper are other familiar metals that in minute amounts, are necessary for proper metabolism to occur. They normally occur at low concentrations and are known as trace metals. At high concentrations however, they can be toxic and therefore pose a risk to the health of animals and man.

There are 12 others that are very toxic even at levels that are only moderately above background levels (that is, very low concentrations). These are the toxic heavy metals and include arsenic cadmium, lead, mercury, Nickel, etc. (WHO, 1996a; Carpenter, 2001). They act as poisonous interference to the enzyme systems and metabolism of the body. No matter how many good health supplements or procedures one takes, heavy metal overload will be a detriment to the natural healing functions of the body. The most common problem-causing cationic metals (metallic elements whose forms in soil are positively charged cations for example, Pb2+) are mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium and manganese, while the most common anionic compounds (elements whose forms in soil are combined with oxygen and are negatively charged for example, MoO4 2-) are arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, and boron (USDA, 2000).

Toxic heavy metals have no function in the body and can be highly toxic. The metals are taken into the body through inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. If heavy metals enter and accumulate in body tissue faster than the bodys detoxification pathways can dispose of them, a gradual build-up of these toxins will occur. High concentration exposure is not necessary to produce a state of toxicity in the body tissues and over time, toxic concentration levels may be reached. Heavy metals are dangerous not only because of their inherent nature but also because of their bio accumulative tendency and problem of biomagnifications with increasing trophic levels, and therefore can cause permanent damage to health. While the inorganic form of the metal may not be easily taken up, the organic (alkylated) forms are readily taken up by body tissues and can be retained for a considerable length of time (Berlin and Ulberg, 1963; Garrett et al., 1992).

Physio-Chemical Parameters In Water Parameter Industry A Industry B pH (In-situ) 6-9 6-9 Temp. 20-33 30 TDS(mg/l) 449 4175 TS(mg/l) 540 4282 TSS(mg/l) 91 107 DO(mg/l) 2.11 2.01 COD(mg/l) 1430 180 TotalHardness(mg/l) 217.8 18.7 Alkalinity(mg/l) 08 178 Oil&Grease 13 12

Industry C

6-9 29 12 18 6 3.12 64 31 10

Industry D

6.92 28 252 254 2 2.1 46 112.2 100.8 -

NESREANational Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency. Quality Assurance and Control. Parameter pH (In-situ) Temp. TDS(mg/l) TS(mg/l) TSS(mg/l) DO(mg/l) COD(mg/l)

Hardness(mg/l) Alkalinity(mg/l)

WHO(2008) 6.5-9.5 2000 8.0 255 500 120 -

NESREA(2010) 6-9 20-33 2000 N.S 30 2 80 N.S N.S 10

FMEnEV(2010) 6-9

20-33 2000 N.S 30 2 80 N.S N.S 10

Oil&Grease

Heavy Metal Concentration (mg/l) in water

Industry A 0.05 0.23 0.05 2.1 0.07 32 88 Industry B 1.3 0.24 0.01 2.3 <0.01 7.5 7.5 Industry C 20 0.92 <0.01 1.4 <0.01 15.14 5.0 Industry D 0.07 0.25 0.60 <0.01 16.3

Metals Fe Zn Pb Mn Cr Cd Mg

NESREANational Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency. Quality Assurance and Control. METAL QUALITY STANDARD

Metals Fe Zn Pb Mn Cr Cd

WHO(2008) 0.3 5.0 0.01 0.05 -

NESREA(2010) <1 <1 <1 5 200

FMEnEV(2010) 6-9 <1 <1 5 200