PRESENTATION OUTLINE

ABSTRACT OF RESEARCH PAPER In order to improve the strength of soil many methods are incorporated Including fiber reinforcement, cementious material or mixing other soil. All of the above mentioned method need research related to the test of Soil strength and its behavior under high stress.

Unfortunately there are limited number of test conducted on mechanically improved soil under low confining pressure and the soil

behavior is not fully understood.

The aim of this research paper is to test fiber reinforced cementious soil under high confining pressure of 20 MPa using GDS triaxial test system and study its mechanical behavior .

Material and Equipment Portaway sand was fiber reinforced and cemented and test using GDS High pressure triaxial testing system under confining pressure of 1,4,10, 20MPa both un drained and drained test have been conducted.

Discrete monofilament polypropylene fibres were used to strengthen soil along with ordinary Portland cement. Their characteristics were 22 mm in length, 0.023 mm in diameter, specic gravity of 0.91, tensile strength and elastic modulus of 120 and 3,000 MN/m2 respectively, and linear strain of 80% at failure.

Standard methods were used to prepare sample of size 50mm diameter

And length of 100mm.

Microphotographs of Portaway sand

Drained behaviour at high pressures:-

a) Effect of fibre and cement on sand b) Effect of confining pressure c) Effect of fibre and cement on shear strength parameters

0.4

A) Effect of fibre and cement on sand

(b)

The Graph is between deviator stress and axial strain.

12 0

s '3 = 4 MPa

8 5

1. Addition of fiber has increased peak deviator stress for both clean sand and cemented sand

(MPa) q v (%)
4 10
(a)

2. Cement also plays important roll since it also increases deviator stress more than fiber effect.

(c)

0 15

Sand, Cement & Fibre Sand & Cement Sand & Fibre Sand only

0
1.6

10

20

30

a (%) %

1.2

Effect of addition of 0.5% fibre and 5% cement at 4MPa

q/p'

0.8

0.4
(b)

q( q/p'

0.8 4

A) Effect of fibre and cement on sand

0.4
(a)

The Graph is between deviator stress ratio and axial strain.

0 12 12 0 1.6 0

(b)

Sand, Cement & Fibre Sand & Cement Sand & Fibre Sand only
s '3 s ='4 MPa 4 MPa 3=

q (MPa) q (MPa) q/p' v (%)

88 1.2
5

1. At 4MPa confining pressure graph lines tends to converge on unique stress ratio of 1.3.

4 0.8 4

10 0.4
0

(a) (a)
(b) (c)

Sand, Cement & Fibre Sand, Cement & Fibre Sand & Cement Sand & Cement Sand & Fibre Sand & Sand only Fibre Sand only

2. Cement also plays important roll since it also increases deviator stress more than fiber effect.

0 15 1.6 1.6 0 0
1.2 1.2

10

20

30

a (%) %

q/p' q/p' v (%)

0.8 0.8

Effect of addition of 0.5% fibre and 5% cement at 4MPa

0.4 10 0.4
(b)

(b) (c)

015
0

10

20

30

q/p'

0.8

A) Effect of fibre and cement on sand

0.4

The Graph is between volumetric strain and axial strain.

(b)

0
12 12

s '3 = 4 sMPa '3 = 4 MPa

8
5

1. Fiber also reduces volumetric strain and graph lines gets more flatter. 2. Cement also plays important roll since it also reduces volumetric strain more than fiber effect.

q (MPa)

q (MPa) v (%)
4

4
10
(a)

(a)
(c)

0 1.6

0
15 0

Sand, Cement & Fibre Sand, Cement & Fibre Sand & Cement Sand & Sand & Fibre Cement Sand & Fibre Sand only Sand only
10 20 30

1.6

a (%) %

1.2

1.2
0.8

q/p'

0.8

Effect of addition of 0.5% fibre and 5% cement at 4MPa

q/p'

0.4

0.4
(b)

(b)

A) Effect of fibre and cement on sand The Graph is between increase in qmax(%) and confining pressure.
increase qmax (%)

250
200 150

% increase in sand with fibre & cement % increase in sand with fibre

1. The effect of fiber decreases with increase in the confining pressure. At low confining press the effect of fiber is more prominent.

100
50 0

10 p' (MPa)

15

20

0.8 0.4
0 -8 30 -4

0.8

0.8

0.4 0.4pressure B) Effect of confining (b)

(b)

(b)

0
Fibre reinforced cemented sand 30 -8

Fibre reinforced Fibre reinforced sand sand

(a) -4
(a)

0 30 -8

-4

qv(Mpa) (%)

20 0

10MPa 4MPa 1MPa

v (%) (Mpa) q

q v(Mpa) (%)

20 0

20 0
4
10 8

10 8
12
(c) (a)

10 8
12
(c)

10MPa 10MPa 4MPa 4MPa 1MPa 1MPa

(c)

12
0 16 2 0

0 16 2 0
1.6 1.2

10

20 a (%)

30

40

0 16 2 0
1.6

10

10

1.6 1.2

20 30 a (%) a (%)

20

30

40

40

0.8 0.4

1. Both graphs show that addition of fiber in cemented soil sample 0.8 increase the peak deviator stress 0.8 and delays axial strain. Similar 0.4 can also be observed. effect of cement addition in soil samples
q/p'
0.4
(b)
(b)

1.2

q/p'

q/p'

(b)

0 -8 -4

0 -8 -4

-8 -4

10
0.4
0 0 -8 2

10
0.4

10

1MPa

B)
30

(b) (a) Effect

0.4
(b)
(b)

of confining pressure
0
0

30
Fibre reinforced sand
(a)

Fibre reinforced cemented sand

30

2 -8

30

Fibre reinforced sand

q (Mpa)

2 -8

30

-4 Fibre 1.6 reinforced cemented sand

20

10

10

0.4 12
0 16

10MPa 4MPa 1MPa

q (Mpa)

q (Mpa)

q (Mpa) q/p' v (%)

0 1.2 4 0.8 8

20

30 -4 -4 1.6 Fibre reinforced sand (a) 1.6 20 Fibre reinforced sand 20 0 (a) 0 10MPa (a) 1.2 1.2 20 4 4MPa 20 4 10 0.8 10MPa 1MPa 0.8 8 10 4MPa 8 0.4 1MPa 10 12 0.4 10 (c) 12 (c) 0 (c) (a) (b)

q (Mpa)

q (Mpa)

10MPa 4MPa 10MPa 1MPa 4MPa

1MPa
(b)
(b)

q/p' v (%)

q/p' v (%)

10MPa 4MPa 1MPa

0 2
1.6 1.2

0 2
1.6

-8 0 -4

10

20 a (%)

(a)

16 0

0 2
1.6

16 0

30

40

0 2

-8 0 -4 0

0 0 -8 10
2

-4

20 1.6 (%) a
1.2

10

20 30 a (%)

30

40

40

v (%)

1.2
q/p'

v (%)

1.6

q/p'
0.8

1.6 0

q/p'

v (%)

1.2

4
8

0.8
12

0.4

16
0 -8

4 fiber in cemented soil sample 1.0.8 Both graphs show that addition of 1.2 8 0.8 0.4 0.8 increase the peak deviator stress8and delays axial strain. Similar 12 0.8 0.4 0.4 can (c) effect of cement addition in soil samples also 0 be observed. For 0.4 12 (b) (c) (b) (c) to 16 intersect fiber reinforced soil the graph lines tend at unique (b) -8 0.4 0 0 0 10 20 30 16 (b) stress ratio of 1.3. 0 (b)a (%)

q/p'

q/p'

q/p'

1.2

(b)

40

0 -8
-4

10

20 a (%)

30

40

0 -8 -8 10

-4

(%)

-8

-4 -4

0 4

20 a (%)

30

40

0.8 0.4
0 -8 -4

0.8

0.8

30
Fibre reinforced sand
(a)

B) Effect of confining pressure 0.4

(b)

0.4

30

0
Fibre reinforced cemented sand

q (Mpa)

30

-8 -4

Fibre reinforced sand

(a) -4 10 20 0
(a)

0 20 30 -8

(b)

(b)

Fibre reinforced sand

10MPa 4MPa 1MPa

10MPa 4MPa 1MPa

q (Mpa)

q (Mpa)

30

q (Mpa)

v (%)

20 bre reinforced cemented sand 0

4
8

10
10MPa 4MPa 1MPa
10
(a)

20

q (Mpa)

20 10MPa 0 Fibre reinforced sand 4MPa (a) 1MPa 4 10 8

4 0 10 2 8

v (%)

v (%)

10MPa 4MPa 1MPa

12

0
16 0
1.6 1.2

(c)

(a)

12
16

2
20 a (%) 30 40

2
0
1.6

q/p'

10

(c)

10MPa 1.6 (c) 12 4MPa 0 16 1MPa 1.22 0

10 0.8 1.6
0.4 1.2

10

20 a (%)

30

20 a (%)

30

40

40

0 2

1.2

q/p'

(b)

q/p'

v (%)

0.8 1. Both graphs show that addition of fiber in cemented soil sample 1.6 -8 0.8 0.8 delays axial strain and reduces volumetric strain. Similar effect of 0.4 -4 cement addition in1.2 soil samples can also be observed. For fiber 0.4 0.4 0 unique stress reinforced soil the graph lines (b) tend to intersect0at (b) 0.8 -8 ratio of 1.3. 0 0

q/p'

(b)

q/p'

-8 -4
(b)

0.4

-8 -4

4 -4 8 (b) 0

C) Effect of fibre and cement on shear strength parameters

75

75 65
55 45 35 25 0 5

Sand with cement & fibre Sand with cement Sand with fibre Sand only
max

65

Sand with cement & fibre sand with cement Sand with fibre Sand only

55

max

45

35

25

10

15

20

200
p' (kPa)

400

600

p' (MPa)

1. Graph on left shows that increase in confining pressure diminishes the effect of fiber on friction angle .It can be observed on right graph that cement in clean soil show more shift in graph then fiber addition.

C) Effect of fibre and cement on shear strength parameters

50
40 30 20
sand with fibre & cement Sand with fibre Sand only

2000

Poly. (Sand with fibre & cement) Poly. (Sand with fibre) Poly. (Sand only)

1500
q (MPa)
q (kPa)

1000

10
0

500

10

20
p' (MPa)

30

40

0 0 200 400 600 p' (kPa) 800 1000

1. Graph on left shows that failure envelops of all sample follows same path .It can be observed on right graph that at low confining pressure fiber addition shifts the graph line upwards to form cohesion intercept. This cohesion in soil is due to cement addition.

Un drained behaviour at high pressures:-

a) Effect of fibre and cement on sand b) Effect of confining pressure

A) Effect of fibre and cement on shear strength parameters

16
16 Sand with fibre & cement s '3 = 4MPa 16 Sand with fibre & cement cement s '3 = 4MPa Sand with Sand with cement Sand with fibre Sand with fibre Sand only Sand only 12
q (MPa)

16

s '3 = 10MPa s '3 = 10MPa

12

12
q (MPa)

12

q (MPa)

q (MPa)

4
0

0 0 16

0 16

10

10

20 a (%)

20 30 a (%)

30

40

40 0

0 16
16

Sand with cement & fibre Sand with cement & fibre Sand with cement Sand with cement Sand with fibre Sand with fibre Sand only Sand only 10 20 30 10 20 (%) 30 a (%) a

40

40

1. 12
q (MPa)
8

12 12 Graph on left shows that at low confining pressure effect of fiber is 12 prominent and cement addition effect the graph more then fiber 8 8 pressure fiber effect does. On right graph at high confining 8 diminishes where as cement plays its roll with out any major 4 4 changes. Also the graph does not4follow the same path as graph on right. 0

q (MPa)

q (MPa)

q (MPa)

0 0

4 4 p' (MPa) 6 p' (MPa)

8 0

6 6 p' (MPa) 8 p' (MPa)

10

10

12

12

B) Effect of confining pressure

20 Fibre reinforced cemented sand 16 12
(a)

8 (a)
6

Fibre reinforced sand

q (MPa)

q (MPa)

8 4 0 0 20
(b)

20MPa 4MPa 10 20 a (%)

10MPa 1MPa

1MPa 4MPa

10MPa
0
40

30

0 10 (b)

10

20

30

40

a (%)

16
12

Du (MPa)

8
4 0

-4

2 2. At high confining pressure the soil sample shows brittle 0 behavior is effect by behavior by delaying axial strain. This addition of fiber30 and cement -2 0 10 20 40
a (%)

Du (MPa)

1. At low confining pressure the soil sample shows gradual 6 behavior. This behavior is effect by addition of fiber and 4 cement.

10

20

30

40

20
16

(c)

a (%) 8
(c)
FL

20
4

Fibre reinforced cemented sand

20MPa 4MPa 0
20
(b)

1MPa 4MPa Fibre reinforced sand 10MPa 10 20 30 40

16
0

(a) B) Effect of confining pressure 0

30 40

10MPa (a) 1MPa

12

10

q (MPa)

20

Fibre reinforced cemented sand

(a)

q (MPa)

20 a (%)

0 10

8
16

(a) 4

(b)

a (%) Fibre reinforced sand

16 12

Du (MPa)

q (MPa)

4 12
Du (MPa)

20MPa 4MPa

10MPa 1MPa 30 40

2
4

6
4

1MPa 4MPa

q (MPa)

10MPa
10 20 30 1MPa
4MPa

4 0

10

20 0
-4 16 0

4 (b) 0 0 10 20
(c)
(b)

20 a (%)

2
10MPa 1MPa

0 2 10

40

20MPa 4MPa

0
10 20 a (%) 20 30 a (%) 30 40 40

0
Du (MPa)

8 6

0 (b) -2
10 0

a (%)

10MPa
20 10 a (%) 30 20 40 30

40

12

Du (MPa)

20

10

a (%)

8
16

16

(b) 4

(c)
FL

8 6

4
Du (MPa)

12

2
Du (MPa)

6
q (MPa)

q (MPa)

12 0

1. At low confining pressure the pore water pressure decreases 0 8 and fiber addition is effective. 4 4
4

-4 8
4

-2

20
0

0 10 20 increases 30 0 10 20 30 40 the pore water 2. At high confining pressure pressure a (%) 0 2 a (%) and fiber addition is effective. 0 8
-4 (c) 0
5

40

16 0
20

10 20 a (%) 10 15 p' (MPa)

30
20 25

40

-2 0

(c)

FL

6
(c)

10 0

20

a (%)

30 6 p' (MPa)

40

10

12

(c)

8
)

Du (

Du (

Fibre reinforced cemented sand 16 12

(a)

8 (a)

4 0

Fibre reinforced sand

2 0

B) Effect of confining pressure 6

q (MPa)
020 10 20 30 8 Fibre reinforced cemented sand a (%)
(a)

40

-2

q (MPa)

-4

0 (a)

10

Fibre 20 reinforced 30 sand

40

20
16 12

16
(c)

a (%)

4 0

20MPa 4MPa 0 10 20 a (%)

10MPa 1MPa 30 40

10MPa
q (MPa)

6 8

2 (c)
FL

1MPa 4MPa

12 8 4 0 0 10 12

1MPa 30

q (MPa)

4 6 40
q (MPa)

10MPa
0 0 10 (b) 10 20 30
1MPa 4MPa

q (MPa)

40

20

8 4
0 0

20MPa (b) 4MPa 20 a (%)

2 4

a (%)

16

8
0 2 0
Du (MPa)

10MPa
20 30 40

6 10
4

20
(b) 5

Du (MPa)

8
4 0

10

16
12

15 p' (MPa)

20

25

10 0

a (%)

(b) 0

8 6
Du (MPa)

2 0
-2

6 p' (MPa)

10

12

Du (MPa)

4 0

1. Fiber increases 0 10 of soil 20 and 0 addition 10 to sample 20 30 40 the strength 2 a (%) a (%) shifts the failure envelop graph upwards.
20
0 10 16

-4

30

40

(c)
20 a (%) 30 40

0
-2 0

(c)
FL

-4

6
MPa)

10

20

30

40

20

Pa)

(c)

12

a (%)

(c)

Du (

0 B) Effect of confining pressure

30

30

Consolidated drained tests

Consolidated drained tests

30

30

-4 0 10 20 Consolidated undrained tests a (%) 30 40

50

q (Mpa)

q (Mpa)

q (MPa)

40 30 20

10MPa 4MPa 1MPa

q (MPa)

20

sand with fibre & cement Sand with fibre 20 Sand only

Consolidated undrained tests 10MPa 10MPa 20 4MPa 4MPa (c) 20 1MPa 2010MPa 1MPa

4MPa 1MPa
10

16 12

q (MPa)

q (MPa)

10

10

10

0
0 10 10 0 20 10 a (%) 30

0 40 10
4 0 20
0

20 a (%)

40

30 0

a (%)
0

1030

40 20 a (%)
5 10

30

40

10

20
p' (MPa)

30

40

15 p' (MPa)

20

25

1. Both drained and un drained test shows that stress path of drained test is crossed by soil test in un drained conditions proving that soil can attain more strength in un drained conditions.

Conclusion 1. Both drained and un drained test shows that addition of fiber increases the strength and increases the friction angle. 2. Both test shows that cement plays an important role in producing cohesion in soil and its strength. 3. More research is recommended for this field as complete behavior of soil fiber interaction is not understood well. 4. Arrangement of fibers in soil structure also plays an important roll. 5. Also other soil of good strength can be mix in proportion to improve the target soil. 6. It was observed that at confining pressure of 10MPa the effectiveness of fiber was lost where as the cement plays its roll with minor effects.