Guide to the APA Style

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Malek Abdul Karim

Whats Included in APA Style?

Basically everything in your paper:
How your pages are set up How you cite sources Your references Even your language

Where to learn APA style?

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition) Various websites:
Landmark Citation Machine APA Style Tutorial

The Reference Page

A list of every source that you make reference to in your paper. Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your paper. Each retrievable source cited in the paper must appear on the reference page, and vice versa.

The Reference Page (Cont.)

Most citations should contain the following basic information:
Authors name Publication Date Title of work Publication information

Abbreviations
Abbreviation ed. Edition Book or publication part

Rev. ed.
2nd ed. Ed. (Eds.) Trans.

Revised edition
Second edition Editors (Editors) Translator(s)

n.d.
p. (pp.) Vol. No.

no date
page (pages) Volume (as in Vols. 1-4) Number

Pt.
Tech. Rep. Suppl.

Part
Technical Report Supplement

Single-authored book
Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Electronic version of print book

Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.Ebookstore.tandf ./co.uk/html/index.asp Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036 /0071393722

Electronic book
Okeefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from http://www . onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp ?itemID=135

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Reissued book
Newcomb, H. (Ed.). (1995). Television: The critical view (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
*Note: Capitals in the title of the book are restricted to the first letter of the first word of the title, the first letter of any proper names, and the first letter of the first word after a semicolon, period, or question mark.

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Dual-authored book
Baran, S. J., & Davis, D. K. (1995). Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment and future. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

*Note: when listing authors, use an ampersand (&) in the reference list, not and.

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Essay or chapter in an edited book

Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.), Message effects in communication science (pp. 231-262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. *Note: You must include the page numbers if youre just referencing one part of a book.

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Journal article with DOI

Senior, B., & Swailes, S. (2007). Inside management teams: Developing a teamwork survey instrument. British Journal of Management, 18, 138-153. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00507.x

13/29

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Journal article without DOI

Light, M. A. & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(10), 73-82.

14/29

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Journal article: One author

Williams, J. H. (2008). Employee engagement: Improving participation in safety. Professional Safety, 53(12), 40-45.

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Journal article: Two to seven authors

[List all authors] Keller, T. E., Cusick, G. R., & Courtney, M. E. (2007). Approaching the transition to adulthood: Distinctive profiles of adolescents aging out of the child welfare system. Social Services Review, 81, 453-484.

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Journal article: Eight or more authors

[List the first six authors, and the last author] Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.Y., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,...Griffin, W. A. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theorybased mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856.

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Unpublished convention paper

Thomas, S., & Gitlin, T. (1993, May). Who says theres a dominant ideology and what happens if that concept is falsified? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, DC.
Note: Conference papers are less highly regarded than published works

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Internet articles based on a print source

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

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Article in an internet-only journal

Koo, D. J., Chitwoode, D. D., & Sanchez, J. (2008). Violent victimization and the routine activities/lifestyle of active drug users. Journal of Drug Issues, 38, 1105-1137. Retrieved from http://www2.criminology .fsu.edu/~jdi/

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Online Report with No Author Identified and No Date

GVU's 10th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cc.gatech.edu /user_surveys/survey-1998-10/

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Website
To cite an entire Web site (but not a specific document within the site), it is sufficient to give the URL of the site in the text. No entry in the reference list is needed. Example: Kidpsych is an excellent website for young children (http://www.kidpsych.org).

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Newspaper
Newspaper article Rosli Mohammed. (1998, October 27). Master teachers: Are we prepared? The Star, p. N7. Article with no known author Cigarette sales fall 30% as tax rises. (1999, September 14). The New Straits Times, p. A17. Online newspaper article Rosli Mohammed. (1998, October 27). Master teachers: Are we prepared? The Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my

Citation: When do you cite your sources in your paper?

When quoting any words that are not your own
Quoting means to repeat another source word for word, using quotation marks

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When summarizing facts and ideas from a source

Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words

When paraphrasing a source

Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words

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Paraphrasing
Scott (2002) identified Several researchers (Anthony, 1990; Gregory & Jacobs, 1985; Polk et al., 1980) reported Or at the end of a sentence It was argued that . (Scott, 2002).

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Citing while paraphrasing

List the last names of all authors the first time you cite them, unless there are more than 5. If there are more than five (5), or you are citing the paper of three (3) or more authors for a second or more time, list last name of first author, followed by et al., and the date.

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Examples
Scott, Williamson, and Schaffer (1990) reported that (FIRST TIME) Scott et al. (1990) reported that (EVERY TIME AFTER) Scott and Williamson (1990) reported that (FIRST TIME and EVERY TIME)

6 or more authors, use et al., first time and every time.

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Citation: No Known Author

If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title: Full Title: Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers Citation: (Cigarette Tax, 2006)

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Citation: Additional Info.

Sometimes additional information is necessary.
More than one author with the same last name

(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)

Specific part of a source

(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

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Citing while quoting

Authors last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena (p. 11). A traumatic response frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).

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Quotations: Electronic Sources

Many electronic sources do not include page numbers. If paragraph numbers are given, use them in place of page numbers, preceded by the symbol or the abbreviation para. Example:
According to the Ministry of Health, health care workers at all levels of education and training will continue to be in demand (2005, 52).

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Long Quotations
Quotations of 40 or more words are formatted differently:
Start on a new line Block Indent the full quote 5 spaces from left margin Omit quotation marks Double-space

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Long Quotations (Cont.)

According to Merrell, Viadero & Mosser (2006): No matter how the jobs and their settings change, though, one thing remains the same: each member of the school improvement team brings a unique combination of skills, knowledge, and experience as the group works together for a common goal--to improve the quality of education. (p. 3)

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Personal Communication
Personal communications include:
Letters Memos E-mails Personal Interviews Telephone Conversations

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Personal Communication (Cont.)

Cite only within the text. They are not included on the references page. Example:

(J. D. Smith, personal communication, May 1, 2006). J. D. Smith (personal communication, May 1, 2006).

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Citing secondary sources

When citing in the text a work discussed in a secondary source, give both the primary and the secondary sources. Example: Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in an article by Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller. Seidenberg and McClellands study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) provided a glimpse into the world .

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Citing secondary sources (Cont.)

In the references page, you would cite the secondary source you read not the original study. Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributedprocessing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589608.

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Table Format
Table 1 Frequency distribution of respondents by gender
Gender Male Female Total
Minimum type size: 8 point Maximum type size: 14 point

Frequency 171 184 355

Percentage 48.2 51.8 100

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Thank You