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http://calphotos.berkeley.edu
http://calphotos.berkeley.edu
Oils, Balls, Q-tips , Bandages, Tissue, Paper, Napkins, Socks, Shirts, Shorts, Sweaters, Pants, Coats, Towels, Linen, Cushions, Drapery, Upholstery, Rugs, Carpet, Comforters, Mattresses, Insulation, Filtration
Southern Illonois University Ethnobotanical Leaflet
http://www.kbcottonpillows.com
www.goodhumans.com
Gossypium
Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Malvales Family Malvaceae Tribe Gossypieae
Lysigenous glands contain sesquiterpenes collectively called gossypol
www.algieri-images.co.uk
n = 26
Diversity
Annual, biennial or perennial Herbaceous, short shrub or small tree Primary axis, alternate Leaves have varying texture, shape, hairiness Showy cream, yellow, red or purple flowers axilary, terminal or solitary with typically 5 petals
www.malvaceae.info
www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de
www.invasive.org
Seed Hairs
Unicellular outgrowths of the epidermis of the seed or seed coat Unique convolutions and spiral twists causes the fibers to cling together when spun
Steve Hurst. Provided by ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. Cyprus.
Annualized Longer, stronger fiber Higher yield, abundant fiber Ease of harvest Time of maturity Day length neutral Disease resistance Glandless seed
http://entweb.clemson.edu http://content.answers.com
Iowa State University Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Gene expression Genome size evolution Phylogenetics
www.eeob.iastate.edu/faculty/WendelJ/research.htm
Jonathan Wendel
Line of Domestication
www.prosnea.nl
Cretaceous Hypothesis:
Based on the observation of global distribution and impressive morphological variation within the tribe Evidence points to progenitor diploid species lines which are in currently in different hemispheres The continents where the progenitors may have originated have shifted due to the movements of tectonic plates separating the African and South American continents Rationally suggests that allopolyploidy must be ancient! Hybridization must have occurred before the splitting of the supercontinents and therefore can be dated back to the Cretaceous or early Tertiary
www.public.iastate.edu
http://www.rocksandminerals.com/geotime/geotime.htm
Other proposals:
Endrezzi et al. Thermal stability measurements and hybridization experiments: Argue for Miocene origin (5-18 mya) Calculations based on an early Cretaceous divergence of parental diploid groups Phillips 1963 Review of cytogenetic evidence Argues for mid-Pleistocene Two germinal lines of anciently diverging tribes recently combined to form tetraploids
A Pleistocene Origin
Evolutionary implications of a recent origin of allopolyploidy:
Divergence and speciation of Gossypium tetraploids Diploid parentage of the tetraploids Biogeography How can the progenitors have dispersed?
Hutchinson et al., 1947 used 5 D-genome species in crosses with G. hirsutum or G. barbadense Indicated G. raimondii as closer to the D-genome than other species tested Innovative approach involving comparative analysis of diverse synthetic allohexaploids Liu et al., 2001b G. raimondii is the sister group to clade of all 5 allopolyploid species
A-genome perspectives
A-genome of allopolyploid cotton is more similar to the A-genome diploids than the D-genome of the allopolyploid is to that of the D-genome diploids! G. arboreum and G. herbaceum better models of the progenitor A-genome diploid than G. raimondii is of the D-genome diploid G. herbaceum more likely the A-genome donor than G. arboreum
Biogeographical Theories
Theories, based on cytogenetic data, suggested that polyploidization occurred after a Trans-Atlantic dispersal of a species similar to G. herbaceum
Wendel and Albert, 1992: Suggest pre-Pleistocene A-genome radiation into Asia, followed by trans-Pacific dispersal to the Americas
Supported by biogeography of D-genome species Recent arrival of G. raimondii in Peru
By Evert at http://davesgarden.com
www.ferdinando.org.uk
Transoceanic Voyages
Long distance dispersals are characteristic of Gossypieae Important in diversification and speciation
But How!? Seeds of many species of Gossypium are tolerant to long periods of immersion in salt water Capable of germination after many years of immersion But, only retain their buoyancy for a couple months Stephens, 1966 suggested long distance dispersal may have been accomplished on naturally floating debris.