Heat Transfer

Unit Operation and Process Heat Transfer
Widelia Ika Putri, S.T.P., M.Sc.
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wideliaikaputri@ub.ac.id
Pasteurization of milk, juice, etc. Refrigeration of fruits and vegetables. Meat freezing. Thermal sterilization in canned food. Evaporation Distillation Drying
March 2012
Heat transfer
A dynamic process in which heat is transferred spontaneously from one body to another a lower temperature body. The rate of heat transfer depends upon the differences between the bodies, the greater the difference in temperature, the greater the rate of heat transfer. Temperature difference between the source of heat and the receiver of heat is therefore the driving force in heat transfer. An increase in the temperature difference increases the driving force and therefore increasing the rate of heat transfer.
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Heat transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
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Rate of transfer = driving force / resistance Rate of heat transfer = temperature difference / heat flow resistance of medium.
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Ohms Law
The rate of transport (the quantity transported per unit time) is proportional to the driving force and inversely proportional to the resistance of the medium to the transport.
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q = dQ/dt = the rate of heat transfer F = driving force R = resistance of the medium to heat transfer k = conductance of the medium to heat transfer
Heat flux (J) = the rate of transport proportional to the area A available to the transport (the rate of transport per unit area) => q/A
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Steady State Conductive Heat Transfer

Steady state => all the properties that define the state of the system (temperature, pressure, chemical composition, etc.) remain constant with time. Fouriers 1st Law
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Q = heat transferred (J) T = temperature (K) t = time (s) k = thermal conductivity of the medium (J/s.m.K)(W/m.K) z = distance in the direction of the transport (m)
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Thermal conductivity
A property of the material (the materials ability to transfer heat).
Thermal diffusivity
The ratio of thermal conductivity to the volumetric heat capacity of material (the ratio of the materials ability to transfer heat to its capacity to store heat).
March 2012
Soal
1. Hitung kecepatan transfer panas dari bahan 3x4 m, tebal 0,2m, di satu sisi 0oC dan di sisi lainnya 35oC. Jika bahan tersebut adalah: a. alumunium; b. kuningan; c. besi; d. tembaga; e. karet
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Sweat (1986)
k = 0.25Xc + 0.155Xp + 0.16Xf + 0.135Xa + 0.58Xw X = mass fraction c = carbohydrate p = protein f = fat a = ash w = water
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Soal
1. Hitung thermal conductivity dari bahan berikut ini:
food Apel Brokoli Tepung gandum Water (%) 84.1 89.9 12.0 Protein (%) 0.3 3.3 9.2 Fat (%) 0.4 0.2 1.0 Carbohydrate (%) 14.9 5.5 73.8
Susu sapi
Ayam panggang Ikan cod Almond
87.0
66.0 82.6 4.7
3.5
20.2 16.5 18.6
3.9
12.6 0.4 54.1
4.9
0 0 19.6
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Steady State Conduction through a Single Slab
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Steady State Conduction through a Multilayer Slab
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Soal
1. Dinding dari ruang penyimpan tersusun dari 3 lapisan, dari yang terdalam: Stainless steel, tebal 2mm Thermal insulation, tebal 80mm (k = 0.03 J/s.m.K) Beton, tebal 150mm Bila sisi terdalam adalah -18oC dan sisi terluar 20oC, hitung flux panas yang melalui dinding?
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Steady State Conduction through a Cylinder Slab
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www.themegallery.com
Soal
1. Pipa baja berdiameter luar 5cm membawa uap air pada 150oC. Pipa disekat dengan lapisan penyekat silinder ketebalan 3cm (k=0.03W/mK). Hitung kecepatan panas hilang per meter panjang pipa, jika suhu lapisan terluar adalah 35oC?
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Steady State Convective Heat Transfer
Convection
Natural Convection
The movement is caused by heat transfer itself.
Forced Convection
The movement is caused by factor independent of the transfer.
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A stationary layer (film) of fluid which in contact with the solids surface -> thickness Temperature in the bulk -> T2; temperature in the boundary layer -> T1 A coefficient convective of heat transfer ->
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h -> depends on the properties of the fluid (specific heat, viscosity, density, and thermal conductivity), the turbulence (average velocity), and the geometry of the system -> these parameters are dimensionless group used in heat transfer.
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Natural convection
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Soal
1. Papan gabus tebal 10 cm pada satu sisi bersuhu -12oC dan sisi lain 21oC. Berapa kecepatan transfer panas melalui 1m2 dinding? 2. Sebuah cold storage memiliki dinding yang tersusun dari: 11 cm batu bata pd bag. terluar, kmdn 7,5 cm beton, dan 10 cm beton. Suhu rata2 di bag. dalam -18oC dan di bagian luar dinding 18oC. Hitung kecepatan transfer panas melalui 1m2 dinding?
March 2012
Soal
1. Hitung kecepatan panas yang hilang dari dinding vertical suatu oven dengan konveksi alami. Suhu dinding 50oC dan di udara ambient 20oC. Tinggi dinding 1.2m dan lebar 3m?
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Forced convection
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Soal
1. Jus jeruk, didinginkan, mengalir dengan kecepatan 4m3/jam melalui pipa berdiameter 0.05m. Sifat dari jus jeruk pada suhu pengolahan adalah: = 1060kg/m3; = 3.10-3Pa.s; cp= 3900J/kg.K; k= 0.54 W/m.K. Hitung koeffisien panas konveksi antara jus jeruk yang mengalir di dalam pipa dengan dinding pipa?
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2. Gandum pipilan dikeringkan dengan udara panas dalam aliran turbulent di fluidized bed dryer. Kecepatan udara 0.5m/s dengan suhu 93oC. Pipilan gandum diasumsikan berbentuk bulat dengan diameter 1mm. Hitung koeffisien transfer panas konveksi?
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Radiation
Radiation covers a vast array of phenomena that involve energy transport in the form of waves, in the wavelength range of 10-7 to 10-4 m. Radiation => cooling the emitting body and heating the receiving body. > 0oK => all substances emit electromagnetic radiation. Heat transfer by radiation does not require the presence of material medium.
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Black body => a body that absorb the incident radiation totally; the absorbtivity of black body is unity and its reflectivity and transmissivity are both zero.
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Emmisivity () => the ratio of emissive power of a real body to that of a black body at the same temperature; always less than unity.
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Soal
1. Hitung net heat transfer dengan radiasi dari sebongkah roti di oven pada suhu 177oC, jika emissivitasnya 0,85 dgn total luas area 0.0645 m2 dan suhu 100oC?
March 2012
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Heat Transfer

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Heat Transfer

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Unit Operation and Process Heat Transfer

Widelia Ika Putri, S.T.P., M.Sc.

Steady State Conductive Heat Transfer

Steady State Conduction through a Single Slab

Steady State Conduction through a Multilayer Slab

Steady State Conduction through a Cylinder Slab

Steady State Convective Heat Transfer

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