COGENERATION

OVERVIEW
Introduction
Types of cogeneration Cogeneration technology Factors for selection of cogeneration system Specifically bagasse cogeneration

INTRODUCTION
What is cogeneration?

Figure 1: Cogeneration (Bottom) compared with conventional generation (top)

Cogeneration technology
Steam turbine based cogeneration system Gas turbine based cogeneration system Combined steam/gas turbine based cogeneration

system Reciprocating engine based cogeneration system

Factors for selection of cogeneration systems.

What is more critical - whether power or steam, to decide about emergency

back-up availability of power or steam

Type of fuel available - whether clean fuel like natural gas or high ash

bearing fuels like furnace oil or worst fuels like coal, lignite, etc., long term availability of fuels and fuel pricing.
Commercial availability of various system alternatives, life span of various

systems and corresponding outlay for maintenance.

Influence exerted by local conditions at plant site, i.e. space available, soil

conditions, raw water availability, infrastructure and environment.

Project completion time. Project cost and long term benefits.

Operating strategies for cogeneration plant

The cogeneration plant is operated as base load station to

supply electric power and thermal energy and short fall in power is drawn from the utility company and heat from standby boilers or thermal fluid heaters.
The cogeneration plant is operated to supply electric power

in excess of the industrys requirements, which may be exported, if presently not in use.
The cogeneration plant is operated to supply electric power

with or without export, and energy produced is utilized in the industry.

Bagasse cogeneration
Bagasse cogeneration describes the use of fibrous sugarcane
waste bagasse to cogenerate heat and electricity at high efficiency in sugar mills. This report indicates that there is abundant opportunity for the wider use of bagasse-based cogeneration in sugarcane-producing countries and to contribute substantially to high efficiency energy production. Yet this potential remains largely unexploited. The potential to make a meaningful contribution to the energy balance is especially great in Cuba, Brazil, India, Thailand, Pakistan, Colombia, Mexico and The Philippines. Overall, the potential in these countries reaches as high as 25% in Cuba and, as an average, a significant 7.45% of total demand.

Benefits of bagasse cogeneration

Near-zero fuel costs (paid in local currency), commercial use of

a waste product an increased fuel efficiency leading to an increase in the economic viability of sugar mills.
electricity for local Consumers.

More secure, diverse, reliable and widespread supply of Minimal transmission and distribution (T&D) costs, and

reduced network losses, as generation is located near important loads

Greater employment for local populations. Lower emissions of CO2 and other gases than from conventional

fossil-fuel Generation

MAIN SUGARCANE PRODUCING COUNTRIES

CANE-PRODUCING AREAS IN INDIA

DISTRIBUTIONS OF SUGAR MILLS IN INDIA

MARKET TRENDS
Indian sugar mills are currently self-sufficient in energy, already using bagasse to meet their

steam and power requirements. As only 20-30% of all bagasse is used for these purposes, this suggests that the remaining 2/3 of bagasse is currently being wasted, as it is being incinerated for disposal purposes rather than energy recovery.

Greater sector efficiency, higher quality and integration are challenges for the

industry to improve the strength and capacity built in the last seventy years. These aims can be achieved through:
Substantial improvements in cane development and management including

cultivation practices, crop variety and water management to improve yields and recovery without affecting the average fiber content. Improvements in both sugar and by-product manufacturing, achieved through operational and energy efficiency improvements, will contribute to making the best use of bagasse. Capacity expansion and diversification into cogeneration and alcohol/ethanol production projects in order to maximize the value of sugar whilst adding security to sugar markets through diversification of products.

INCENTIVES FOR BAGASSE COGENERATION FROM INDIAN GOVERNMENTAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION

CDM Opportunities
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a

process by which Annex 1 countries can implement greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in non-Annex 1 countries to meet part of their Kyoto Protocol emissions reduction commitments The multiple environmental and social benefits offered by bagasse cogeneration projects, would suggest that such projects could be strong contenders to qualify CDM opportunity.

CDM- INDIA
India is currently thought of as the country with the most

CDM potential. As a developing country, India offers excellent potential for GHG emission reductions through the promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy.
In spite of the huge potential and focused promotional

efforts, achievements in the field of bagasse cogeneration have so far been minimal, primarily due to complex socioeconomic policy issues creating barriers as well as reluctance to invest in what can seem a risky venture. In such a climate, CDM could prove an effective tool to mobilize resources internationally.

CONCLUSION
In this way by optimum utilization of cogeneration

system it not only contributes substantially to high efficiency energy production but also contributes some extent to reduce thermal plants there by contributing to the reduction of co2 emission.

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