PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRESENTATION

BY: MUHAMMAD AIMAN NAIM BIN AHMAD SUKRI 18509

What is heat engine ?

- A system that convert heat/thermal energy to mechanical energy. - A device designed to operate continuously (cyclically) in which heat is supplied and work is done. - It follows from the first statement of the Second Law that heat must be supplied at one temperature and rejected at a different (lower) temperature.

Definition

How it works?
The engine takes energy(heat) from a hot reservoir and uses part of it to do work continuously but at the same time, because of the second law of thermodynamics, it exhaust/flows out part of the energy to a cold reservoir. Note that, theres also heat that lose to environment.

(Heat source)

Heat ( )

Engine

Thus , engine temp. Then, engine generates work in its working body At the same time, the engine exhaust waste heat to cold source/surroundings. Engine
Heat ( )

(Cold source)

Why heat was discarded to cold source?

Because there must be heat that flows out from the working substance to obey the first statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The first statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that it is impossible for a system in a cyclic (continuous) process to turn heat completely into work. (Kelvin-Planck). There is no way to build a 100% efficient heat engine [French Engineer, Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot]

 The efficiency is maximum when it reach 100% 100% efficiency means that the heat output is zero or there are no heat flows out which is ridiculous. Thus, there must be heat that flows out from the system.

Efficiency
Thermal efficiency or Efficiency is defined as the proportion of the Heat Supplied which is converted to Work

 , = = =

=1

p/s : modulus signs used to avoid complications with signs : all efficiencies are positive numbers.

Simple example to understand heat engine :

- In the car engine, the hot reservoir is the burning fuel which supply the heat, the working substance is the piston which done the work and the cold reservoir is the environment to which the combustion products/heat waste are expelled/exhausted.

References
Heat engine & refrigeration system. Retrieved June 19, 2013, from http://www.vectorsite.net/tpecp_10.html Heat engines. Retrieved June 19, 2013, from http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heaeng.html Atkins, P. & De Paula, J. (2010). Atkins physical chemistry : Entropy (p. 101). Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press. The second law of thermodynamics. Retrieved June 19, 2013, from http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/THER205web/2ndlaw.pdf