1

Filters and Tuned

Amplifiers
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 2 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.1 The filters studied in this chapter are linear circuits represented by the general two-port network shown. The filter transfer function
T(s) V
o
(s)/V
i
(s).
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 3 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.2 Ideal transmission characteristics of the four major filter types: (a) low-pass (LP), (b) high-pass (HP), (c) bandpass (BP), and (d)
bandstop (BS).
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 4 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
M
M
M
N
N
s s s
z z z
z z z
T s a
p p p
s s s
p p p
| || | | |

| | |

\ .\ . \ .
=
| | | || |

| | |
\ .\ . \ .
12.2 The Filter Transfer Function
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
M
M
N
s z s z s z
T s a
s p s p s p

=

( )
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
M
M
M
M
N
N
N
s s s
z z z
z z z
T s a
p p p
s s s
p p p
| || | | |

| | |

\ .\ . \ .
=
| | | || |

| | |
\ .\ . \ .
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 5 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
12.2 The Filter Transfer Function
( )
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
M
M
M
M
N
N
N
s s s
z z z
z z z
T s a
p p p
s s s
p p p
| || | | |

| | |

\ .\ . \ .
=
| | | || |

| | |
\ .\ . \ .
If we include zeroes at infinity, then M = N:
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
N
N
M
N
N
s s s
z z z
z z z
T s a
p p p
s s s
p p p
| | | || |

| | |

\ .\ . \ .
=
| | | || |

| | |
\ .\ . \ .
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 6 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.3 Specification of the transmission characteristics of a low-pass filter. The magnitude response of a filter that just meets specifications
is also shown.
Figure 12.5 Polezero pattern for the low-pass filter whose transmission is sketched in Fig. 12.3. This is a fifth-order filter (N = 5).
5
th
Order Low Pass Filter
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 7 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.4 Transmission specifications for a bandpass filter. The magnitude response of a filter that just meets specifications is also shown. Note
that this particular filter has a monotonically decreasing transmission in the passband on both sides of the peak frequency.
Figure 12.6 Polezero pattern for the band-pass filter whose transmission function is shown in Fig. 12.4. This is a sixth-order filter (N = 6).
6
th
Order Band Pass Filter:
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 8 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.7 (a) Transmission characteristics of a fifth-order low-pass filter having all transmission zeros at infinity. (b) Polezero pattern for the
filter in (a).
All-pole filter (no finite zeroes):
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 9 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.8 The magnitude response of a Butterworth filter.
( )
2
2
1
1
N
P
T j e
e
c
e
=
| |
+
|
\ .
12.3 Butterworth Filter:
At
P
e e =
( )
2
1
1
P
T j e
c
=
+
( )
( )
( )
2
max
1
1
1
P
P
T j
T j
T j
e
e
e
c
= = <
+
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
max
max 10 10 10
20 log 20 log 1 10 log 1
P
T j
A
T j
e
c c
e
| |
| = = + = +
|
\ .
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 10 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.9 Magnitude response for Butterworth filters of various order with e = 1. Note that as the order increases, the response approaches the
ideal brick-wall type of transmission.
12.3 Butterworth Filter:
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 11 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
12.3.2 The Chebyshev Filter
( )
( )
( )
2 2 1
2 2 1
1
for
1 cos cos
1
for
1 cosh cosh
P
P
P
P
N
T j
N
e e
c e e
e
e e
c e e

( +

>

( +

( )
2
1
1
P
T j e
c
=
+
At
P
e e =
( )
( )
( )
2
max
1
1
1
P
P
T j
T j
T j
e
e
e
c
= = <
+
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
max
max 10 10 10
20 log 20 log 1 10 log 1
P
T j
A
T j
e
c c
e
| |
| = = + = +
|
\ .
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 12 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.12 Sketches of the transmission characteristics of representative (a) even-order and (b) odd-order Chebyshev filters.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 13 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
12.4.1 First-order Filters
( )
1 0
0
a s a
T s
s e
+
=
+
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 14 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.13 First-order filters.
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Figure 12.14 First-order all-pass filter.
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Figure 12.15 Definition of the parameters e
0
and Q of a pair of complex-conjugate poles.
12.4.2 Second-Order Filters
( )
( )
2
2 1 0
2 2
0 0
a s a s a
T s
s Q s e e
+ +
=
+ +
( )
2
0
1 2 0
, 1 1 4
2
p p j Q
Q
e
e =
For filters, usually
0.5 complex-conjugatepoles Q >
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 17 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.16 Second-order filtering functions.
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Figure 12.16 (Continued)
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Figure 12.16 (Continued)
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Figure 12.17 (a) The second-order parallel LCR resonator. (b, c) Two ways of exciting the resonator of (a) without changing its natural
structure: resonator poles are those poles of V
o
/I and V
o
/V
i
.
12.5 Second-Order LCR Filters
( )
( )
2
2 1 0
2 2
0 0
a s a s a
T s
s Q s e e
+ +
=
+ +
2
0
1
LC
e =
1
o
Q RC
e
=
1
o
LC
e =
1
o
C
Q RC RC R
L
LC
e = = =
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 21 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.18 Realization of various second-order filter functions using the LCR resonator of Fig. 12.17(b): (a) general structure, (b) LP, (c) HP,
(d) BP, (e) notch at e
0
, (f) general notch, (g) LPN (e
n
> e
0
), (h) LPN as s , (i) HPN (e
n
< e
0
).
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 22 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.19 Realization of the second-order all-pass transfer function using a voltage divider and an LCR resonator.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 23 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.20 (a) The Antoniou inductance-simulation circuit. (b) Analysis of the circuit assuming ideal op amps. The order of the analysis steps
is indicated by the circled numbers.
12.6.1 The Antoniou Inductance-
Simulation Circuit
4 1 3 5 2
L C R R R R =
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 24 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.21 (a) An LCR resonator. (b) An op ampRC resonator obtained by replacing the inductor L in the LCR resonator of (a) with a
simulated inductance realized by the Antoniou circuit of Fig. 12.20(a). (c) Implementation of the buffer amplifier K.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 25 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.22 Realizations for the various second-order filter functions using the op ampRC resonator of Fig. 12.21(b): (a) LP, (b) HP, (c) BP,
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 26 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.22 (Continued) (d) notch at e
0
, (e) LPN, e
n
> e
0
, (f) HPN, e
n
s e
0
, and (g) all pass. The circuits are based on the LCR circuits in Fig.
12.18. Design equations are given in Table 12.1.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 27 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Second-Order Active Filters Based
on the Two-integrator-loop Biquad
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Second-Order Active Filters Based
on the Two-integrator-loop Biquad
Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb biquad
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 29 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.25 (a) Derivation of an alternative two-integrator-loop biquad in which all op amps are used in a single-ended fashion. (b) The
resulting circuit, known as the TowThomas biquad.
Second-Order Active Filters
Based on the Two-integrator-loop
Biquad
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 30 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
12.10 Switched Capacitor Filters
12.10.1 The Basic Principle:
A capacitor switched between two circuit nodes at a
sufficiently high rate is equivalent to a
resistor connecting these two nodes.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 31 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.35 Basic principle of the switched-capacitor filter technique. (a) Active-RC integrator. (b) Switched-capacitor integrator. (c) Two-phase
clock (nonoverlapping). (d) During |
1
, C
1
charges up to the current value of v
i
and then, during |
2
, discharges into C
2
.
1 1 C i
q C v =
1 2 C C
q q
1
1
i i c
av eq
c av
C v v T
i R
T i C
= =
2
2 2
1 1
integrator time constant =
c
eq c
T C
R C C T
C C
= =
( )
max
1
c c sig
f T f =
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 32 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
12.10 Switched Capacitor Filters
2
1
integrator time constant
c
C
T
C
=
Note that the integrator time constant depends on:
the ratio of capacitances, not their absolute value
the clock period
MOS example:

1 2
0.1 ; 1 ; 100 ;
c
C pF C pF T kHz = = =
4
2
5
1
1 1
integrator time constant 10 sec
10 0.1
c
C pF
T
C Hz pF

= = =
integrator time constant 0.1ms =
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 33 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
12.10 Switched Capacitor Filters
Recall the integrator from the ECE 1002 Final Project:

( )( )
integrator time constant 10 10 0.1 nF k ms = O =
Thus switched capacitor filters can work in the audio frequency
range with pF capacitors.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 34 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.36 A pair of complementary stray-insensitive switched-capacitor integrators. (a) Noninverting switched-capacitor integrator. (b)
Inverting switched-capacitor integrator.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 35 Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 12.37 (a) A two-integrator-loop active-RC biquad and (b) its switched-capacitor counterpart.