FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRONICS

Dr. Andi Adriansyah

Contents
1. The Electronics Revolution 2. Keys to Electronics Revolution 3. Electronics Design 4. Technology Semiconductor

The Electronics Revolution

Electronics is cornerstone of: Computing Revolution Communication Revolution Consumer Electronics Revolution

Consumer Electronics Revolution

Electronics Benefits Now!

Exponential improvements in: System performance Cost per function Power consumption System reliability Good scaling High speed

Keys to Electronics Revolution

The Great Materials High performance of micro fabrication technology Improvement in circuit engineering

The Great Materials

SILICON Cheap and abundant Amazing mechanical, chemical and electronic properties Probably, the material best known to humankind

Fabrication Technology
Tight integration of dissimilar device with good isolation Fabrication of extremely small structures, precisely and reproducibly High-volume manufacturing of complex systems with high yield

Circuit Engineering
Circuit design techniques that: Are tolerant to logic level fluctuation, noise and crosstalk Are insensitive to manufacturing variations Require little power consumption

Electronic Design
How to design electronic circuit:

By hand, manually lay-out Geometric software for mechanically-drawn component, and print with plotter Automated design and draw, with Electronics Design Automation (EDA) or Computer Aided Electronics/Design (CAE/CAD)
By hand, developed manually then test (fix and flexible PCB) By software, test and the developed

How to developed electronic system:

Electronic Design

Structure of Atom
There are type of models for structure of atom, such as Rutherford, Thomson, and Bohrs, De Broglie, etc. Atom is viewed as miniature of solar system In atom, there are:

Electrons, that orbiting in some energy level and have negative charge, -e, Protons, as a nucleus of atom and have positive charge, +e, and Neutron, forms a nucleus with protons, and have no charge.

Structure of Atom

Structure of atom in 3D

Structure of atom in 2D

Energy Band

Energy Band

Structure of Silicon
Atom Silikon (Si) has 14 electron, where 2 electrons in 1st track, 8 electrons in 2nd track and 4 electrons in 3rd track or the outer. Then, where the number of electron valency is four, Silicon is said tetravalent atomic.

Silicon Crystal
Since Silicon electron valance has fewer than the required number of eight electrons needed in the outer shell, its atoms will unite with other atoms until eight electrons are shared. This gives each atom a total of eight electrons in its valence shell; four of its own and four that it borrowed from the surrounding atoms. The sharing of valence electrons between two or more atoms produces a COVALENT BOND between the atoms. It is this bond that holds the atoms together in an orderly structure called a CRYSTAL.

Silicon Crystal Properties

At T = 0, valence band is filled with electrons and conduction band is empty, leading to zero conductivity.

Silicon Crystal Properties

At T > 0, electrons thermally excited from valence to conduction band, leading to partially empty valence and partially filled conduction bands.

Electron-Hole Pair Current

In semiconductor, there are two type of current:
Electron current in conduction band negative Hole current in valency band positive Both is known as electron-hole pair

In a time, an electron in conduction band could be fall to hole in valency band, said as recombination. Lifetime is avarage time required for electronhole pair is still available.

Doping in Semiconductor
Increase the conductivity of a semiconductor by adding a small amount of another material called a dopant (instead of heating it!) For group IV Si, add a group V element to donate an electron and make n-type Si (more negative electrons!) Extra electrons donated from donor. Resultant electrons in conduction band increase conductivity by increasing free carrier density n. Called as Semiconductor N Type

Donor Dopant in Semiconductor

Doping in Semiconductor
For Si, add a group III element to accept an electron and make p-type Si (more positive holes!) Missing electrons trapped in acceptor Resultant holes in valence band increase conductivity. Called as Semiconductor P Type

Acceptor Dopant in Semiconductor