MANAGEMENT

It is effective and purposeful use of resources for fulfilling a predetermined objective. It has 4 basic activities: Planning determining what is to be done Organizing setting up the framework and making it possible for groups to do the work Communicating motivating people Monitoring checking to make sure the work is progressing satisfactorily

MANAGEMENT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

METHODS BASED ON BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 1. Organizational design: Health services should be so designed to meet the health needs and demands of people. It should be reviewed every few years because of change in concept ,purpose, problems or technology. 2. Personnel management: It is skillful use of human resources like selection and training ,motivation ,division of responsibilities, incentives and promotions.

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3. Communication : Communication barriers cause delay in reporting, notification and release of supplies. It should be solved by establishing suitable vertical and horizontal communication channels.

4. Information system: It helps in collection , classification, transmission, storage, retrieval, transformation and display of information.
5. Management by objectives: Objectives are set up for different units and subunits ,each prepares its own plan of action.

Quantitative methods
1. Cost benefit analysis: Benefits are expressed in monitory terms. 2. Cost effective analysis : Benefits are expressed in results achieved ,eg. Number of deaths prevented, no. of children vaccinated. 3. Cost accounting : Gives basic data on cost of any programme.It helps in cost control, planning and allocation of people and financial resources 4. Input output analysis : It shows how much input (resources ) are needed to produce a unit amount of each output.

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5. System analysis: It helps the decision maker to choose an appropriate course of action ,searching out objectives ,finding alternative solutions, evaluating cost effectiveness, reexamination of objectives. It can be hospital supply system or an information system. 6. Planning programme and budgeting system: Allocation of resources in most effective way in achieving objectives. 7. Zero base budgeting: It requires fresh justification of funds required to run a programme starting from a zero base of funds. 8. Work sampling: Observation and recording of activities of one or more individuals to check time needed to do specified jobs. 9. Decision making : For development of resources and strategies for providing health care.

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10. Network analysis:
It is a graphic plan of all activities and events to be completed in order to reach an end objective. It brings discipline in planning.

A. PERT( Programme evaluation and review events technique)

2 months

activities

Staff recruited
4 months

Staff trained

Plan service
2 months

Equipment ordered

10 months

Equipment installed

1 month

Start services

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B. Critical path method (CPM) : it is longest path of network . If any activity along critical path is delayed the entire project will be delayed. The time can be minimized by provision of additional inputs. The time available for completion of non critical path is called as slack period. The slack time is the time available for completion of tasks without causing delay in completion of total project.

SWOT ANALYSIS
It is a strategic planning method used to evaluate strength, weakness, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture. Strength : it is attribute of person or company that are helpful to achieve objectives. E.g. Strong network ,committed staff. Weakness : it is attribute of person or company that are harmful to achieve objectives. E.g. lack of clear strategies, communication barriers. Opportunities : these are external conditions that are helpful in achieving objectives. E.g. New technology, geographic location. Threats : these are external conditions which could do damage to business performance. E.g. New competitor ,recession.

Aims of SWOT analysis

Take advantages of strength and opportunities. Eliminate weakness and threats.