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SANITARY PIPEWORK -Piping System

Pipe system includes network of pipes and valves, which are :i. MAIN PIPE : Delivers water from treatment plant to distribution tank or directly to distribution area. ii. FEEDER PIPE : Directly connected to a main pipe for distribution of water to industrial or residential areas. iii. BRANCH PIPE : From feeder pipe to individual house, building, factory or fire hydrant.

iv. VALVE : needed to control water flow rate, stop water flow, release trapped air in pipe, balance pressure in pipe and remove effluents.

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SANITARY PIPEWORK -Piping System

Head loss or energy loss during distribution to consumers is caused by the followings : i.
ii.

Differences in pipe size.

Change of flow direction.

iii. Friction. iv. Difference of level (Gradient).

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Factors of Head Loss in Pipes

I. DIFFERENCES IN PIPE SIZE

a. Change in sizes, from big to smaller diameter

b. Change in sizes, from small to bigger diameter

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Factors of Head Loss in Pipes

ii. CHANGE OF DIRECTION

Change of flow direction in pipe causes head loss.

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Factors of Head Loss in Pipes

iii. FRICTION
Head loss due friction is the major energy loss in pipe. Long length of pipe in the piping system causes high head loss, while large diameter pipe can reduce head loss. Head loss in pipe is energy lost due to friction between water and the inner surface of the pipe. Therefore, the flow is reduced and this factor contributes to head loss in pipe.

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Factors of Head Loss in Pipes

iv. GRADIENT When water is delivered through distribution pipe from higher to lower positions, it experiences head loss due to friction, difference in pipe sizes and change of directions.

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Factors of Head Loss in Pipes

TYPE OF FLOW
There are 3 types of flow in a pipe :i. ii. Laminar flow Turbulent flow

iii. Transition flow The types of flow depend on the velocity, density and the diameter of pipe.

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Fluid Flow

TURBULEN T

Is flow of particles which gains high kinetic energy and move erratically.

LAMINAR

Is flow of fluid particles moving in single line parallel to each other.

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Fluid Flow

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SANITARY PIPEWORK

BUILDING
SEWAGE

SOIL FITTING SOIL DISCHARGE

WASTE FITTING
WASTE DISCHARGE

PIPING SYSTEM
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT TREATED WATER ENVIRONMENT

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Soil and Waste Water Flowchart

Discharge pipe consists of single stack, branching and vent pipe. Single stack pipe is installed vertically to ease discharge of soil and waste water. Branching pipe is connected from sanitary fitting with single stack pipe. Vent pipe to released compressed air. There are 3 systems employed in the installation of soil and waste water discharge pipes :i. ii. iii. Single stack system. Single pipe system. Dual pipe system.

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Discharge Pipe

(Main Pipe)

1. System where only 1 pipe is required and it does not need vent pipe as it can function as vent pipe. 2. Discharge in branching pipes fro sanitary fitting are transferred into single stack pipe. 3. The flow is then drained into the drainage pipe. 4. The system is appropriate for multistorey buildings. 5. Sanitary fitting should be installed near the single stack pipe to reduce the length of the branching pipe and minimum the sound of flow in the pipe. 6. The sanitary fitting should be connected to the single stack pipe separately. 7. This system is easy to install.

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Single Stack System

1. Use only 1 pipe in collecting and draining discharge.

(Main Pipe)

2. All sanitary fittings are connected to 1 pipe only. Connection is made at the branching pipe. 3. The single stack vent pipes release compressed air that may have trapped at the base of waste and wastewater single stack pipe. 4. The vent branching pipe connects the single stack vent pipe to the sanitary fitting. 5. All sanitary fitting should be installed near a main pipe.

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Single Pipe System

1. This system uses 2 single stack pipes, one for waste and the others is for soil. 2. Both of the single stack pipes have individual ventilation system.

3. The waste discharge pipe drains wastewater from the shower tray, WB and bathtub.
4. The soil discharge pipe drains soil water from the WC and urinal. 5. The single stack pipe is then connected to the underground drainage pipe. 6. This system is suitable when the waste fitting is located far from the waste water fitting.

(Soil Main Pipe)

(Waste Main Pipe)

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Dual pipe System

System
Dual Pipe

Types of Pipes
1. Waste single stack pipe 2. Soil single stack pipe

Advantages
1. More effective drainage

Disadvantages
1.Require two types of pipe 2. Complicated installation work

Single Pipe

1. Waste and soil single stack pipe 2. Vent pipe

1. Require only one main pipe 2. Easier to install

1. Vent pipe installation is complicated 2. Require more pipelines for vent pipe

Single Stack

1. Waste and soil single stack pipe

1. Require only one single stack pipe

1. Ventilation is less efficient

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Comparison of Discharge Pipe Systems