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identify antibodies present in a patient's serum prior before blood transfusion. Blood transfusion preparation. Antenatal antibody screening.
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Aggregation of particulate antigens bound with agglutinins of more than one specificity. Example: coagglutination staphylococcus aureus protein A for serotyping strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae,
o based on the presence of antigenic cross-reaction between Rickettsia and certain serotypes of Proteus
o VDRL: screening for syphilis caused by treponema pallidum. o Widal test: standard tube agglutination test for salmonella typhi.
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oIt is a reaction in which the Ab interact with a free soluble Ag . oAt the optimum concentration ,positive reaction form a precipitin line
oThis is precipitation reaction to test identity between two antigens or between two antibodies
oThis is precipitation reaction to test identity between two antigens or between two antibodies
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Sample concentration
Ag Mg/ml
Sample Diameter
Diameter /mm
oThis is precipitation reaction to test presence of entire subclass of immunoglobulin by applying specific antiglobulin forming a precipitation rings.
o technique used to detect specific proteins in the given sample. o It uses gel electrophoresis to separate proteins (or polypeptide) and are then transferred to a membrane.
o (nitrocellulose) where they are stained with labled antibodies specific to the target protein.
Test Ag
Sample AB
Enzym linked Ab
Enzyme substrate
oAntibodies containing fluorescent dye react with serum (either Ag or Specific Ab)..
oTesting the presence of the antitoxin in the serum. oIf they are present the toxin will be neutralized .RBCs not lysed. oIf there is no antitoxin the toxin will lyse the RBCs
sample (serum) Ab
sample (serum) Ab
o Testing immunity of the patient against diphtheria. o 0.2 ml of the diphtheria toxin in the test forearm and 0.2 ml of inactivated diphtheria toxin (by heat ) in the control forearm.
oPreparing sensitized complement & two systems: oSystem1: oContaing serum sample & prepared antigen oSystem 2 (indicator system): ocontaining sensitized sheep RBCs & Ab to sheep RBCs.
oIn +ve reaction the serum containing Ab will react with the Ag the complement will be consumed by system 1 (RBCs will not be lysed)..
oIn ve reaction where there is no Ab in the serum so the complement will consumed by system 2 (RBCs will be lysed).
Test A g
Sam ple A B
Sheep RB C
A b t o sheep RB C
Test Ag
Sample AB
complement
Sheep RBC
Ab to sheep RBC
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oThis a solid phase reaction through which the serum antibody will be captured to the wells using capture Ag. oAn Antihuman globulin conjugate containing chromogenic enzyme will react with the sample Ab. oAdding enzyme substrate will produce colour on the well.
Ag
Sample AB
Enzym linked Ab
Enzyme substrate
oThis a solid phase reaction through which the serum antibody will be captured to the wells using capture Ag. oThe conjugate here is directed to the Ag i.e. the sample and conjugate will compete each other. oAdding enzyme substrate will not produce colour on the well.
Ag
Sample AB
Enzym linked Ab
Enzyme substrate
oThis a solid phase reaction through which the serum antigen will be captured to the wells using capture Ab. oThe conjugate here is directed to the Ag i.e. the Ag will be sandwiched between capture & test Abs oAdding enzyme substrate will produce colour on the well.
Sample Ag
AB
Enzym linked Ab
Enzyme substrate
o is a biophysical laser based technology employed in cell counting, cell marker detection, allowing synchronized analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of up to thousands of particles per second.
o Example: used in the diagnosis blood cancers, and CD4 cell counting in AIDS patients
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o Antigen-antibody immune complexes flow through a region and encounter antibody against them, resulting in a visible coloured line o E.g Used in rapid diagnosis of Malaria
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