Need of Draft System

Combustion Air

Boiler

Flue Gases

Air needed for combustion

Flue gasses are needed to be evacuated

Losses due to flow need to be overcome

FANS:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

FAN IS A VOLUMETRIC MACHINE, WHICH MOVES QUANTITY OF AIR OR GAS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER PLACE. DIFFERENT FANS USED IN POWER STATION: PRIMARY AIR FAN FORCED DRAFT FAN INDUCED DRAFT FAN SCANNER AIR FAN SEAL AIR FAN IGNITER FAN

Difference between fans, blowers and compressors

As per ASME the specific pressure, i.e, the ratio of the discharge pressure over the suction pressure is used for defining the fans, blowers and compressors as highlighted below :

Equipment Fans Blowers Compressors

Specific Ratio Up to 1.11 1.11 to 1.20 more than 1.20

Pressure rise (mmWg) 1136 1136 2066 -

PRIMARY AIR/MILL SEAL AIR SYSTEM

Ambient air is drawn into the primary air ducting by two 50% duty, motor driven axial reaction fans. Air discharging from each fan is divided into two parts, one passes first through a air pre-heater then through a gate into the P.A bus duct. The second goes to the cold air duct. The mix of both is used to carry the pulverized coal to the boiler.

Components of PA Fan

Suction Bend With volume Measurement instruments Fan housing with Guide Vanes Main Bearings (Anti Friction) Rotor with impeller with adjustable blade with pitch control Guide vane housing with guide vanes Diffuser with pressure measurement instruments

FORCED DRAFT FAN:

FD FAN SUPPLY AIR NECESSARY FOR FUEL COMBUSTION AND MUST BE SIZED TO HANDLE THE STOICHIOMETRIC AIR PLUS THE EXCESS AIR NEEDED FOR PROPER BURNING OF THE SPECIFIC FUEL.

IN ADDITION THEY PROVIDE AIR TO MAKE UP FOR AIRHEATER LEAKAGE AND FOR SOME SEALING AIR REQUIREMENTS.

SECONDARY AIR SYSTEM

Ambient air is drawn into the secondary air system by two 50% duty, motor driven axial reaction forced draft fans with variable pitch control. Air discharging from each fan passes first through a air preheated then through a isolating damper into the secondary air bus duct. The cross over duct extends around to each side of the boiler furnace to form two secondary air to burner ducts.

At the sides of the furnace, the ducts split to supply air to two corners. Then split again to supply air to each of nineteen burner/air nozzle elevations in the burner box.

INDUCED DRAFT FAN:

LARGEST FAN OF POWER STATION ID FANS EVACUATE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS FROM THE BOILER FURNACE BY CREATING SUFFICIENT NEGATIVE PRESSURE TO ESTABLISH A SLIGHT SUCTION IN THE FURNACE.
MUST HAVE ENOUGH CAPACITY TO ACCOMMODATE ANY INFILTRATION CAUSED BY THE NEGATIVE PRESS. IN THE EQUIPMENT DOWN STREAM OF THE FURNACE AND BY THE SEAL

Induced Draft System

There are two induced draught fans per boiler, two operating. Principal fan elements are:

Suction Chamber Inlet Guide Vane Housing Impeller Outlet Guide vane assembly Diffuser Bearings Flexible coupling

CLASSIFICATIONOF FANS
FANS

AXIAL

RADIAL

IMPULSE TYPE

REACTION TYPE

BACK WARD CURVED

FORWARD CURVED

STRAIGHT BLADED

AXIAL FANS

In this type the movement of air or gas is parallel to its axis of rotation.

These fans are better suited to low resistance applications . The axial flow fan uses the screw like action a multi bladed rotating shaft or propeller to move air or gas in a straight through path.

CENTRIFUGAL FANS

This fan moves gas or air perpendicular to the axis of rotation . There are advantages when the air must be moved in a system where the frictional resistance is relatively high . The blade wheel whirls air centrifugally between each pair of blades and forces it out peripherally at high velocity and high static pressure . More air is sucked in at the eye of impeller . As the air leaves the revolving blade tips part of its velocity is converted in to an additional static pressure by a scroll shaped housing.

TYPES OF BLADES

There are three types of blades :

a) Backward curved blades b) Forward curved blades c) Radial curved blades

BACK WARD CURVED

> 90

RADIAL BLADE

= 90

FORWARD CURVED BLADE

< 90

Fan Types and Efficiencies

Peak Efficiency Centrifugal Fans Range Airfoil, backwardly curved/inclined 79-83 Modified radial 72-79 Redial 69-75 Pressure blower 58-68 Forwardly curved 60-65 Axial fan vanaxial 78-85 Tubeaxial 67-72 Propeller 45-50

Typical centrifugal fan operation

Fan types

Centrifugal fan

Axial fan

Centrifugal Fan: Types

Paddle Blade (Radial blade)

Forward Curved (Multi vane)

Backward Curved

Axial Flow Fan: Types

Tube Axial Vane Axial Propeller

Arrangement of Boiler Auxiliaries

How to select a fan

Air or Gas flow -Kg/hr Density (function of temperature and pressure) System, resistance (losses) Major Fans in Boiler Draft System PA Fans FD Fans ID Fans

Burner Box Dampers

Coal/Air Dampers Secondary Air Dampers Oil/Secondary Air Dampers Bottom Tier Secondary Air Damper Over Fire Damper

Primary and Secondary air System in the 500 MW Boiler

Axial Fans FD Application

ID FAN
MOTOR

ID FAN
MOTOR
BEARING

OIL TANK

STRAINER

PUMP

COOLER

FILTER

COOLING WATER INLET COOLING WATER OUTLET

Other Fans in The System

Ignitor Air Fan: Provide combustion air to the ignitors. Take suction air from the atmosphere and supplies air to the ignitor wind box. Scanner Air Fan: Supplies cooling air to flame scanners. Normally there are two fans taking suction from FD Fan discharge duct. Mill Seal air fan: Seal air fans provide air for the sealing of Mill bearing. Suction is from cold Primary air and pressure is boosted up to maintain the differential pressure

ID Fan at Location

Axial-flow Fans Type Prope ller Characteristics Low pressure, high flow, low efficiency, peak efficiency close to point of free air delivery Medium pressure, high flow, higher efficiency than propeller type, dip in pressure-flow curve before peak pressure point. High pressure, medium flow, dip in pressure-flow curve, use of guide vanes improves efficiency Typical Applications Aircirculation, ventilation, exhaust HVAC, drying ovens, exhaust systems Type Radial

Centrifugal Fans Characteristics High pressure, medium flow, efficiency close to tube-axial fans, power increases continuously Medium pressure, high flow, dip in pressure curve, efficiency higher than radial fans, power rises continuously High pressure, high flow, high efficiency, power reduces as flow increases beyond point of highest efficiency Same as backward curved type, highest efficiency Typical Applications Various industrial applications, suitable for dust laden, moist air/gases Low pressure HVAC, packaged units, suitable for clean and dust laden air / gases

Tubeaxial

Forwardcurved blades

Vaneaxial

High pressure Backward applications curved including blades HVAC systems, exhausts Airfoil type

HVAC, various industrial applications, forced draft fans, etc.

Same as backward curved, but for clean air applications

Fan static pressure

Fan Static Pressure r SP = SP (Fan outlet) SP (Fan inlet)
SP (Fan outlet) Static pressure at fan outlet, mm WC SP (Fan inlet) Static pressure at fan inlet, mm WC

r SP = 0.05 (-10) = 10.05 mm W.C.

THANK YOU