Elce 212 Electric Circuit II Lecture 1-2

Dr. Baker Mohammad

Outline
Class info Review material
Electrical elements Voltage, current and basic law/relationship Superstition Thevenin/Norton Source transformation Capacitor, inductor behaviors

Class Info
Text Book: C. K. Alexander & M. N.O. Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 4th Edition, McGRAW-HILL, 2008.

Recommended Books J.W. Nilsson & S. Riedel, Electric Circuits, 9th edition , Prentice Hall, 2010 .

Course Description 1/2

Review of Circuit Laws and Theorems: Kirchhoffs laws, voltage and current division, Superposition theorem, Thevenins and Nortons theorems. Review of Circuit analysis method: The node voltage method, the mesh current method. Generalized systematic procedure, matrix formation. The step response (time domain analysis using differential equations and Laplace transformation methods) of first-order RL, RC and RLC circuits, sequential switching. Ch 9 & 10

Course Description 2/2

The sinusoidal response, phasor representation, circuit elements in the phasor domain. Nodal and mesh analysis methods in the phasor domain. Frequency response, low-pass and high-pass networks (cacaded 1st-ordr sections), half-power frequencies. Two-Port Networks: Matrix description, Impedance and Admittance parameters. Hybrid and Transmission parameters, network interconnections and choice of parameter type. Using CAD (computer aided design) tools in the design and simulation of circuits and systems.

Assessment/Grades
Assessments:
4 Quizzes and small project 30% Midterm 30% Final 40%

Grades
90 100% A 80 89% B 70 79% C 60 69% D Below 60% F

COURSE POLICIES (1/3)

Punctuality:
Dont be late! Cell Phones:
Please turn your cell phone off before coming to class!

Lecturing Time:
Efficient use of lecturing time Please do not discuss things with your neighbours; you can ask me your questions
You will distort the learning process of your classmates.

COURSE POLICIES (2/3)

Academic Dishonesty:
Any academic dishonesty will not be tolerated, please consult the KUSTAR Code of Academic Integrity.
All graded work should be completed entirely on your own You are allowed to discuss general concepts and ideas

COURSE POLICIES (3/3)

Reading:
Be prepared, read over material BEFORE class.

Class Material will be placed in moodle

You should always bring note pads and pen/pencil to write notes

Re grading:
All requests for re grading will be dealt with in accordance with the relevant KUSTAR policies.

Review
Things you already know from circuit 1 and other classes Should know ch1 to ch8 from text book

Circuit Elements
Active Elements Passive Elements

A dependent source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current. They have four different types: VCVS, CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the signs of dependent sources.

Independent Dependant sources sources

Adapted from http://www.theiet.org/education/teacherresources/posters/index.cfm

What do we use Resistors for?

Protection reduce current Heater, hair dryer, etc Thermistor - temp. measurement photoresistor,- light density in cameras strain gage in bridges and

Electric Charges
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C). The charge e on one electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.602 10-19 C which is called as electronic charge. The charges that occur in nature are integral multiples of the electronic charge.

Current
Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of ampere can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s. A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time. An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time. (reverse direction) The direction of current flow
same direction as positive ion moving direction

Positive ions

Negative ions 16

Voltage
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V). Mathematically, (volt)

vab = dw / dq
w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit element or between two points in a circuit. vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential of b. vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential of b.

17

Power and Energy

Power is the rate of doing work

Not good metric to compare 2 systems efficiency

dq P = V *I = V * dt

eq. (1)

The law of conservation of energy

p=0
t0
18

Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in t t joules (J). Mathematical expression Using eq.(1) result in w= v*i*t

w = pdt = vidt
t0

Kirchhoffs Laws (1/2)

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node a closed boundary) is zero. (or

Mathematically,

i
n =1

=0
19

Kirchhoffs Laws (2/2)

Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

Mathematically,

v
m =1

=0
20

Practical example

L1

L2 Circuit 2

L3

L4

Circuit 1

Which one in series and which one in parallel? Which lamb glue more given that all are 100W lamb?

L1&L2 glue 2x brighter than L3&L4 L3&L4 glue 4x longer than L1

What if we add more batteries in series or in parallel?

Case 1

Case 2

Example connection: Case 1 used for motor higher speed Case 2 used for labtop, longer run time

DC Circuit and Voltage divider

Starting from 12v battery derive

3v @ 150mA for a phone 6v @ 400mA for cd player 9v @ 600mA for netbook

Superposition Theorem (1/6)

We consider the effects of 8A and 20V one by one, then add the two effects together for final vo.

Superposition Theorem (2/6)

Steps to apply superposition principle 1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or current) due to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis. 2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources. 3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independent sources.

Superposition Theorem (3/6)

Two things have to be keep in mind: 1. When we say turn off all other independent sources: Independent voltage sources are replaced by 0 V (short circuit) and Independent current sources are replaced by 0 A (open circuit). 2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit variables.

Superposition Theorem (4/6)

Example 2 Use the superposition theorem to find v in the circuit shown below.
3A is discarded by open-circuit

6V is discarded by short-circuit answer v = 6v*(4/12) + 3A*8/12 = 10V

Superposition Theorem (5/6)

Example 3 Use superposition to find vx in the circuit below.
2A is discarded by open-circuit
20 v1

10V is discarded by open-circuit

20 v2

Dependant source keep unchanged

10 V

0.1v1

2A

0.1v2

(a)

(b)

answer Vx = 12.5V

Superposition Theorem (6/6)

Example 3 Use superposition to find vx in the circuit below.
2A is discarded by open-circuit
20 v1

10V is discarded by open-circuit

20 v2

Dependant source keep unchanged

10 V

0.1v1

2A

0.1v2

(a)

(b)

*Refer to in-class illustration, text book, answer Vx = 12.5V

4.4 Source Transformation (1)

An equivalent circuit is one whose v-i characteristics are identical with the original circuit. It is the process of replacing a voltage source vS in series with a resistor R by a current source iS in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (1)

It states that a linear two-terminal circuit (Fig. a) can be replaced by an equivalent circuit (Fig. b) consisting of a voltage source VTH in series with a resistor RTH, where
VTH is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals. RTH is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.

4.5 Thevenins Theorem (2)

Example 5 Using Thevenins theorem, find the equivalent circuit to the left of the terminals in the circuit shown below. Hence find i.
6 6

RTh

(a)

6 6 4 + VT h

2A

2A

(b)

textbook, answer VTH = 6V, RTH = 3, i = 1.5A

4.6 Nortons Theorem (1)

A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN, Where IN is the short circuit current through the terminals. RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent The Thevenins and Norton equivalent circuits are sources are turned off. related by a source transformation.

4.6 Nortons Theorem (2)

Example 7 Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit shown below.
+ vx 6 ix 2 2vx + + vx i

1V

(a)

2vx + 6 2 + vx Isc

10 A

(b)

RN = 1, IN = 10A.

4.7 Maximum Power Transfer (1)

If the entire circuit is replaced by its Thevenin equivalent except for the load, the power delivered to the load is:
VTh P = i 2 RL = R +R RL L Th
2

For maximum power dissipated in RL, Pmax, for a given RTH, and VTH,

RL = RTH

Pmax

V = Th 4 RL

The power transfer profile with different RL

35

Source Transformation
+ +
The arrow of the current source is directed toward the positive terminal of the voltage source. The source transformation is not possible when R = 0 for voltage source and R = for current source.

(a) Independent source transform

(b) Dependent source transform

Summary
Conclude first week
Class info, expectation, learning outcome, grading Review material from Elce 210 You should be familiar with all material in text book up to Ch 4
Circuit analysis using different approaches