CHEM-111 General Chemistry Unit five (a)

THE Mole
by

Chemistry department

The Mole Formula Mass Molar Mass Relationship among these terms Avogadro's number Calculations Stoichiometric calculations in chemical equations: Mole-mole Mole-mass Mass-mass 2

Unit Five

In chemistry, particles such as atoms, molecules, and ions are counted by the mole.
A mole: is a unit that contains 6.022 x 1023 items (PARTICLES)

THE MOLE

example: C = 12, so one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12g. The number of particles in one mole of a substance is 6.022 x 1023

One mole of an element is its relative atomic mass in grams. (Avogadro's number)
= =

A mole is the amount of substance that chemists often use to measure chemicals.

1 dozen 1 mole

12 objects 6.022 x 1023 objects CO molecule 1mole CO

(6.022 x 1023 atoms C)

C atom + O atom l mole C + l mole O

+

(6.022 x 1023 atoms O)

(6.022 x 1023 molecule CO) 3

Chemical quantities
of substances are

Moles
in grams is the

Molar mass
which converts

Moles to grams

Grams to moles
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Atomic or molecular mass (weight) of a substance expressed in grams.

Avogadros Number (N) = 6.022 x 1023

one mole of any element always contains Avogadros number of atoms

Carbon C
6.022 X 1023 atoms

Iron Fe
6.022 X 1023 atoms
1 mole of Fe atoms 55.78 g of Fe atoms

1 mole of C atoms
12.01 g of C atoms

1 mole of an element is 6.022 X 1023 atoms of that element

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Avogadros Number, (N) Number of Particles in One-Mole Samples

Substance
1 mole sulphur

Avogadros Number in 1 Mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles

Number and Types of Particles

6.02 x 1023 sulphur atoms

1 mole Hydrogen
1 mole water (H2O) 1 mole NaCl 1 mole vitamin C, (C6H8O6)

6.02 x 1023 Hydrogen atoms

6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules 6.02 x 1023 NaCl formula units 6.02 x 1023 vitamin C molecules
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1 mole of a compound is 6.022 X 1023 of molecules or ions of that compound

Moles of Elements in a Formula Sugar C12H22O11

Carbon Hydrogen
22 atoms H
22 moles H

Oxygen
11 atoms O
11 moles O

12 atoms C
12 moles C

Moles of Elements in Compounds

How many moles of each elements are present in 1 mole of caffeine ( C8H10N4O2)? Answer: (C=8, H=10, N=4, O=2)

Mole Calculations
a. How many moles of chloride ions are in 3 moles of AlCl3? Answer: 1 mole of AlCl3 contains = 3 moles of Cl- ion 3 mole of AlCl3 contains = 3 x 3 = 9 moles of Clparticles or ion b. Find out number of moles of each element in two mole of Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid C6H8O6) Answer: C= 12 ; H= 16 ; O = 12 . c. How many moles of carbon ,Hydrogen and Nitrogen are in 5 moles of quinine (C20H24N2O2 )? Answer: C = 100; H = 120; N = 10; O = 10 ; 8

Conversion from Moles to grams

Amount of substance (m) = no of moles (n) x molar mass (M)

x M

n=

m M

or m = n M

(6.02 x 1023 particles = 1 mole)

The mass of one mole of pure substance is molar mass of that substance which is taken in grams. Number of moles x Atomic mass =Total mass or molar mass Molar mass of SO3:
1 mole S 3 mole O x x 32.1g = 16.0g = 32.1g S 48.0g O -------Molar Mass of SO3 =80.1g

Molar Mass

Q: Calculate the molar mass of fructose, C6H12O6. [C=12, H=1.0, O=16] ( Answer = 180 g )
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Conversion from Moles to grams

Calculate the grams of Ag (silver) in 4.65 moles of Ag. (Ag =107.9) Answer:
Amount of sub = no of moles x molar mass

Amount of Ag = 4.65 x 107.9

or mass of Ag

501.73g
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Avogadros Number & Mole What is mass of one atom of Ca? (6.02 x 1023 atoms = 1 mol) 1 mol Ca =40.1 g Ca ( atomic mass) or 6.02 x 1023 atoms of Ca have mass = 40.1g
40.1 = 6.66 x 10-23 g Ca 1 atom of Ca has the mass = 6.02 x 1023 Answer

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Solve the following questions

1. How many grams does 0.500 moles of NaCl weigh? : [Na=23, Cl=35.5] Ans.(29.3g)

n=

m M

or m = n M

2. How many moles of Na2O are in its 231g? [ Na =23] Ans.(3.725 moles)
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PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION of ELEMENTS IN COMPOUNDS

weight of part x 100% % by weight = weight of whole

What is % composition of chloroform CHCl3 (an anesthetic)?

Mol. Mass of CHCl3: 12.01 + 1.008 + 3 x 35.5 = 119.37

%C=

12.01 x 100% = 10.06 % C 119.37

Similarly H = 0.844%, Cl = 89.09% Total = 99.99%

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Chemical Formula
The symbolic representation of a chemical compound, which shows the number & kind of atoms. H2O, CH4, NaCl, MgO, C2H6 ,,C6H12O6, N2O4

Types of Chemical Formula 1) Empirical (experimental) Formula A formula that gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a formula unit. H2O, CH4, NaCl, MgO, CH2, CH2O, NO2.
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2) Molecular Formula
A formula that describes the actual number of atoms in a molecule is molecular formula. H2, H2O, CH4, C2H4, C6H12O6, N2O4.
Question

Calculations

Empirical Formula of a colorless liquid is NO2, and has Molecular mass of 92. What is its Molecular formula?
Formula mass of NO2 = 14 + 32 = 46, [Atomic weight: N = 14, O = 16] Given Molecular mass = 92 Number of times empirical formula occurs in compound:

= 92/46 = 2
Molecular Formula = Number of times x Empirical Formula Molecular Formula = 2(NO2) =
16 N2O4 (dinitrogen tetra oxide)

CHEMICAL FORMULAE FOR SIMPLE SUBSTANCES

Covalent Formula & Valency

The power of an element to combine with other element is valency.

In covalent compounds the number of unpaired electrons in an atom is its valency.

.. .. .. . . . . . , .Cl H. , . N , O .. .. .
H2 Cl2 O2 , N2
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The number of electrons lost or gained by an atom of element is its valency.

Ionic Formula & Valency

+1 Li 2

i) 3Li ii)
20Ca

+ 1e

-1 Loss of one
electron

+2 + 2e Ca 18

Loss of Two electrons

Lithium & calcium lose electrons & have +1 & +2 valencies respectively.

iii) F + 1eiv) O + 2e-

F-1 Gain of 1 electron O-2 Gain of 2 electrons

Fluorine & oxygen gain electron & possess valency -1 and -2.

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Molecular Mass
(Mostly for Covalent-compounds) The sum of atomic masses of all atoms present in a molecule is its molecular mass e.g. Mol. Mass of NH3 = 1 x 14 + 3 x1 = 17

Formula Mass

(Mostly for Ionic-compounds)

The sum of atomic masses of elements present in a formula unit ( group of ions). NaCl, CaCl2, MgO, CaCO3 e.g. Mass of NaCl=23 + 35.5 = 58.5 19

Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations How many moles of CO2 will be formed when 6 moles of propane burns?
C3H8+ 5O2 3CO2+4H2O
C3H8 CO2

3
?

= 3 x 6= 18
(Ans. =18 moles of CO2)
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MOLE CONCEPT-CALCULATIONS How many moles of chlorine atoms are needed to combine with 6.4 mole of carbon to form C2Cl6. (Hexa-chloro ethane) 2C + 6Cl C2Cl6 [Mole Ratio: 2:6] Calculation
mole 2

mole 6

Cl

6.4
=

?
6 x6.4 2 = 19. 2 moles of chlorine
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MOLES CONCEPT
Calculate the moles of Mg required to react with 3.50 mol of Cl to produce MgCl2. Mg(1mol) + 2Cl(2mol) MgCl2(1mol) 2 moles of Cl combine with 1moles of Mg. 3.50 moles of Cl combine with ? moles of Mg.

Mg 1 ? Mg= 1 x 3.5 2

Cl 2 3.5 =1.75
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Answer: 1.75 moles of Mg

Mole Concept-Calculations
How many moles of carbon atoms are needed to combine with 4.87 mol of chlorine to form C2Cl6. (Hexa-chloro ethane) 2C + 6Cl Moles of C = C2Cl6 [Mole Ratio: 2:6]
2 X 4.87 6

= 1.62 moles.

Conversion from Grams to Moles Calculate moles of S, in 40.5g of Sulfur. ( S=32)

n= m

Moles of S = 40.5/32 = 1.27 moles of S.

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Calculations involving Grams

How many grams of O2 are required to react with 0.300mol of Al. ( O=16 ) ( AL=27)

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

Moles of O2 ( required
to react with 0.300 mol of Al)

=0.225 mol of O2

n=
Amount of O2
or m =

m M
No of moles x Mol mass

n M = 0.225 x 32 = 7.20g of O2.

Answer : 7.20g of O2
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Calculations involving Grams

Calculate number of grams of Al2O3 when 12.5g O2. reacts completely with Al( Al=27) (Ans = 26.6g Al)
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

n=

m M

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Exercise
Atomic or molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams is called: a) Avogadros number b) Mole c). Both a & b.
The number of particles in one mole of a substance is 6.022 x 1023 it is called: a) Avogadros number b) Mole c) Both a & b One mole of a substance contains 6.022 x 1023 particles. a) True b) False Molar mass of SO3 is: [S=32.1, O=16] a) 80.1 b) 48.1 c) 64

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What is the Mole ratio of reactants in the given equation? 2C + 6Cl C2Cl6 a) 6 : 2 b) 2 : 6 c) 8 : 6 d) 6 : 8 A formula that describes the actual number of atoms in a molecule is: a. Molecular Formula b.Empirical Formula c. Chemical Formula, d. Both a & b A formula that gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a formula unit : a. Molecular Formula b.Empirical Formula c. Chemical Formula d. Both a & b Empirical formula for glucose C6H12O6 is: a. C3H6O3 , b. CH2O , c. C2H4O2 ,

d. C6H27 12O6

Find out the mole ratio in oxygen & aluminum in the reactants . 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 : a. 3/4 b. 6/4 c. 4/6 d. 2/6 The sum of atomic masses of all atoms present in a molecule is called: a. Molecular mass b. Formula mass c. Both a & b d. None of the above Short answer question:

1.How many moles are in 25.0 g of each of the following compounds? a. CO2 b. Al(OH)3 c. MgCl2
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