Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Name
Nur Rifah Safirah Bt. Sharum
Form
2 Bakti
Year
2012
Teachers Name
Pn. Hasnaila Bt. Naba
Meaning of Computer Network. How The Computers being Connected? The Type of Wire/Cable that used for Network. Wireless Technology Network Topology The Type of Network
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cable/wire
Computer Network are computers that are connecting together to share information. Such as sending pictures, music, video, documents and others.
What is Twisted Pair Wire? 2 Types of Twisted Pair Wire Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) 6 Advantages Copyright 2012 NurRifahSafirahSharum
-All Rights
A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. While twisted-pair cable is used by older telephone networks and is the least expensive type of local-area network (LAN) cable, most networks contain some twisted-pair cabling at some point along the network. Other types of cables used for LANs include coaxial cables and fiber optic cables.
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Often abbreviated STP, a type of copper telephone wiring in which each of the two copper wires that are twisted together are coated with an insulating coating that functions as a ground for the wires. The extra covering in shielded twisted pair wiring protects the transmission line from electromagnetic interference leaking into or out of the cable. STP cabling often is used in Ethernet networks, especially fast data rate Ethernets. It is used in IBM token ring networks. STP is more expensive than UTP but has the benefit of being able to support higher transmission rates over longer distances.
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Short for unshielded twisted pair, a popular type of cable that consists of two unshielded wires twisted around each other. Due to its low cost, UTP cabling is used extensively for local-area networks (LANs) and telephone connections. UTP cabling does not offer as high bandwidth or as good protection from interference as coaxial or fiber optic cables, but it is less expensive and easier to work with.
It is a thin, flexible cable that is easy to string between walls. More lines can be run through the same wiring ducts. UTP costs less per meter/foot than any other type of LAN cable. Electrical noise going into or coming from the cable can be prevented. Cross-talk is minimized.
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Twisted pairs susceptibility to electromagnetic interference greatly depends on the pair twisting schemes (usually patented by the manufacturers) staying intact during the installation. As a result, twisted pair cables usually have stringent requirements for maximum pulling tension as well as minimum bend radius. This relative fragility of twisted pair cables makes the installation practices an important part of ensuring the cables performance. In video applications that send information across multiple parallel signal wires, twisted pair cabling can introduce signaling delays known as skew which results in subtle color defects and ghosting due to the image components not aligning correctly when recombined in the display device. The skew occurs because twisted pairs within the same cable often use a different number of twists per meter so as to prevent common-mode crosstalk between pairs with identical numbers of twists. The skew can be compensated by varying the length of pairs in the termination box, so as to introduce delay lines that take up the slack between shorter and longer pairs, though the precise lengths required are difficult to calculate and vary depending on the overall cable length.2012 NurRifahSafirahSharum -All Rights 12 Copyright
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A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves. Fiber optics is a particularly popular technology for local-area networks. In addition, telephone companies are steadily replacing traditional telephone lines with fiber optic cables. In the future, almost all communications will employ fiber optics.
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Fiber optics has several advantages over traditional metal communications lines: Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This means that they can carry more data. Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to interference. Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires. Data can be transmitted digitally (the natural form for computer data) rather than analogically. 15 Copyright 2012 NurRifahSafirahSharum -All Rights
Fiber optics has several disadvantages over traditional metal communications lines:
The main disadvantage of fiber optics is that the cables are expensive to install. In addition, they are more fragile than wire and are difficult to splice. At higher optical powers, is susceptible to "fiber fuse" where in too much light meeting with an imperfection can destroy as much as 1.5 kilometers of wire at several meters per second. A "Fiber fuse" protection device at the transmitter can break the circuit to prevent damage, if the extreme conditions for this are deemed possible. Cannot carry electrical power to operate terminal devices. However, current telecommunication trends greatly reduce this concern: availability of cell phones and wireless PDAs; the routine inclusion of back-up batteries in communication devices; lack of real interest in hybrid metal-fiber cables; and increased use of fiber-based intermediate systems. Almost all these disadvantages have been surmounted or bypassed in contemporary telecommunications usage, and communication systems are now unthinkable without fiber optics. Their cost is much more economic than old coaxial cables because the transmitters and receivers (laser and photodiodes) turn out cheaper than electric circuitry 16 as their capacity is much superior. The cost of regeneration in electrical long Copyright 2012 NurRifahSafirahSharum -All Rights distance transmission systems is completely impractical for modern communications.
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A type of wire that consists of a center wire surrounded by insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire. The shield minimizes electrical and radio frequency interference.
Coaxial cabling is the primary type of cabling used by the cable television industry and is also widely used for computer networks, such as Ethernet. Although more expensive than standard telephone wire, it is much less susceptible to interference and can carry much more data.
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DISADVANTAGES
Problems with the deployment architecture Bidirectional upgrade required Great noise High installation cost Susceptible to damage from lightning strikes
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The name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance, the organization that owns the Wi-Fi (registered trademark) term specifically defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards. Initially, Wi-Fi was used in place of only the 2.4GHz 802.11b standard, however the Wi-Fi Alliance has expanded the generic use of the Wi-Fi term to include any type of network or WLAN product based on any of the 802.11 standards, including 802.11b, 802.11a, dual-band, and so on, in an attempt to stop confusion about wireless LAN interoperability. Wi-Fi works with no physical wired connection between sender and receiver by using radio frequency (RF) technology, a frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space. The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP). The primary job of an access point is to broadcast a wireless signal that computers can detect and "tune" into. In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network, computers and devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters. Wi-Fi is supported by many applications and devices including video game consoles, home networks, PDAs, mobile phones, major operating systems, and other types of consumer electronics. Any products that are tested and approved as "Wi-Fi Certified" (a registered trademark) by the Wi-Fi Alliance are certified as interoperable with each other, even if they are from different manufacturers. For example, a user with a Wi-Fi Certified product can use any brand of access point with any other brand of client hardware that also is also "Wi-Fi Certified". Products that pass this certification are required to carry an identifying seal on their packaging that states "Wi-Fi Certified" and indicates the radio frequency band used (2.5GHz for 802.11b, 802.11g, or 802.11n, and 5GHz for 802.11a). A common misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless fidelity," however this is not the case. Wi-Fi is simply 22 a trademarked term meaning IEEE 802.11x.
Wi-Fi signal
from COMPUTER
from PHONES
from LAPTOP
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Bluetooth is defined as being a short-range radio technology (or wireless technology) aimed at simplifying communications among Internet devices and between devices and the Internet. It also aims to simplify data synchronization between Internet devices and other computers. Bluetooth products -- that is products using Bluetooth technology -- must be qualified and pass interoperability testing by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group prior to release. Bluetooth's founding members include Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba.
Bluetooths logo
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Bluetooth Phones
Bluetooth Headsets
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Bluetooth Printers
In all capitals, PAN is short for Personal Area Network. Based on the electric-field transmission medium, is an IBM technology that allows individuals to exchange data with a simple touch or grasp, such as a handshake. A PAN user is equipped with a receiver and a transmitter, which constantly sends infinitesimal data-carrying currents -- in the 0.1-1 MHz band -- through the body and picks up currents when in very close range with another device or individual carrying a transmitter.
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Keyboard Headset
Remote Control
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All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks. Ethernet systems use a bus topology. Computer 1 Computer 4
Computer 5
Terminator
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All devices are connected to a central hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub.
Computer 4
Computer 3
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Computer 1
Computer 4
Network Cable
All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive and difficult to install, but they offer high bandwidth and can span large distances.
Computer 2
Printer
Computer 3
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In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different types of networks: Topology : The geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common topologies include a bus, star, and ring. Protocol : The protocol defines a common set of rules and signals that computers on the network use to communicate. One of the most popular protocols for LANs is called Ethernet. Another popular LAN protocol for PCs is the IBM token-ring networks. Architecture : Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture. Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes
Local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building). Wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves. Campus-area networks (CANs): The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military base. Metropolitan-area networks (MANs): A data network designed for a town or city. Computers and devices that allocate Home-area networks (HANs): A network contained within a user's home resources for a network are called servers. 36 that connects a person's digital devices. Copyright 2012 NurRifahSafirahSharum -All Rights
Local Area-Network (LAN) Wireless Local Area-Network (WLAN) Metropolitan Area-Network (MAN) Wide Area-Network (WAN) Wireless Wide Area-Network (WWAN)
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What is Local Area-Network? (LAN) Type of Local Area-Networks (LANs) Picture of Local Area-Network (LAN)
Local Area-Network (LAN) 38
A local-area network (LAN) is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings, however, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs connected in this way is called a wide-area network (WAN).
Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers. Each node (individual computer ) in a LAN has its own CPU with which it executes programs, but it also is able to access data and devices anywhere on the LAN. This means that many users can share expensive devices, such as laser printers, as well as data. Users can also use the LAN to communicate with each other, by sending e-mail or engaging in chat sessions.
LANs are capable of transmitting data at very fast rates, much faster than data can be transmitted over a telephone line; but the distances are limited, and there is also a limit on the number of computers that can be attached to a single LAN.
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There are many different types of LANs, with Ethernets being the most common for PCs. Most Apple Macintosh networks are based on Apple's AppleTalk network system, which is built into Macintosh computers.
The following characteristics differentiate one LAN from another: Topology: The geometric arrangement of devices on the network. For example, devices can be arranged in a ring or in a straight line. Protocols : The rules and encoding specifications for sending data. The protocols also determine whether the network uses a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture. Media : Devices can be connected by twisted-pair wire, coaxial cables, or fiber optic cables. Some networks do without connecting media altogether, communicating instead via radio waves.
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What is Wireless Local AreaNetwork (WLAN) Picture of Wireless Local Area-Network (WLAN)
Wireless Local Area-Network (WLAN)
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Acronym for wireless localarea network. Also referred to as LAWN. A type of local-are network that uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to communicate between nodes.
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Short for Metropolitan Area Network, a data network designed for a town or city. In terms of geographic breadth, MANs are larger than local-area networks (LANs), but smaller than wide-area networks (WANs).
MANs are usually characterized by very high-speed connections using fiber optical cable or other digital media.
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A computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area. Typically, a WAN consists of two or more local-area networks (LANs). Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites. The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.
Copyright 2012 NurRifahSafirahSharum -All Rights
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Mainfram e
WAN
Intranet Server
Notebook Computer
Desktop Scanner
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What is Wireless Wide Area-Network (WWAN)? Picture of Wireless Wide Area-Network (WWAN)
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Short for Wireless WAN (widearea network), a wireless computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area.
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