Definitions Latitude: Angle between the line joining the place with the centre of the sphere and

the equator; or angular displacement of the place north or south of equator, varies from 0 to 90 deg. Longitude:angle between prime meridian and the meridian of the place, varies from 0 to 180 deg The Solar Constant Isc:Total energy received from the sun, per unit time, on a surface of unit area kept perpendicular to the radiation, in space, just outside the earth's atmosphere when the earth is at its mean distance from the sun.

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Recent measurements of the solar constant have shown that it has a value of approximately 1353 W/m (i.e. 1.940 cal/cm min, or 1165 kcal/hr m2 or 421 Btu/hr ft2, or 4871 kJ/m2hr) The unit 'langley' is sometimes used in this connection 1 langley being equal to 1 cal/cm of solar radiation received in one day.

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Solar flux or solar radiation intensity leaving the surface of the sun is given as : Hs = t04 (Assuming sun as a black-body) where = Stefan-Boltzman constant = 5.670xKT8W/m2-K4 to = 5762 K = Average temperature on surface Now Hs = 5.670 x 10~ 8 x (5762)4 = 5.961 x 107 W/m2 Total radiant power emitted from the sun is obtained by multiplying the above calculated by the surface area of the sun, We find P0= Hs x 4R2 where R = radius of sun's surface = 6.960 x 108 m P0 = 5.961 x 107 x 4 (6.960 x 108)2 = 3.630 X 1026 W

Solar window
Imaginary transparent dome with its centre at the solar collector Bottom of window - path of sun on Dec,21 Top of window - path of sun on June,21 West side of window location of sun at 3 pm east side of window location of sun at 9 am On March 21 & Sept. 21 sun would pass through centre of window Plot of solar window on flat surface Mercator projection Drawn by transferring data from sun path diagram

 Cosine law Seasonal variation Daily variation

Solar radiation measurement

Solar radiation data Angstrons equation & constants Tilt angle Daily global radiation calculations Turbidity Monochromatic radiation Astronomical & geometric parameters

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Declination:The angular displacement of thesun from the plane of the earths equator,varies from +23.5 to -23.5 deg Zenith angle,(): Angle subtended by the zenith and the line of sight of sun Azimuth: angle of deviation of the normal to the surface from the local meridian, zero point being due south, east positive, west negative Air mass,(m) : Path length of radiation through the atmosphere, considering the vertical path at sea level as unity. m = sec , zenith angle, Hour angle,():solar noon is zero, each hour equals 15 deg. Of longitude, morning +ve, after noon ve, =+15 for 11:00h, =+37.5 for 14:30