Activity Outline:

(7:00 am 9:00 am) Mathematical Methods for Physicist ( Arfken and Weber) Station Activities (9:00 am 11:00 pm) 1. ZnO sample preparation 2. X-ray Diffraction 3. AC Magnetic Susceptibility measurement 4. Magneto-transport 5. Atomic Force Microscopy 6. Superconductor Sample Preparation

Seminar AC susceptibility study of YBCO thin film and BSCCO bulk superconductors Superconductivity of individual grains and inter-grain boundaries for polycrystalline 2 2 6+ Saturday (9:00 am 12:00 am) TRIZ Presentation

ZnO Station [4/15-19/2013]

ZnO Properties
A wide band gap (~3.34 eV) Light emitting Transparent conductor Piezoelectric material Wurtzite crystal structure (a=3.25, c=5.2 )

Methods of Growing ZnO structure

Fabrication
1. 2. 3.

4.

Silicon (substrate) Sonicator (beaker solution with: TCE, acetone, methanol) standard degreasing procedure Proper weighing of precursor : without dopant (ZnO:C ,1:5) - with doping (Mn=0.04 g, ZnO=0.96 g, C=5.00 g), grounding the mixed precursor Temperature profile in the furnace controller

1. Direct Thermal Oxidation (DTO) -zinc film was used as the substrate 2. Carbothermal Reduction - we use C and ZnO as precursors - Silicon substrate - C lowers the vaporization of ZnO + +

Direct Thermal Oxidation Method (1x0.5)cm 550 1 hr. Carbothermanl Reduction Method Mn=0.04 g(dopant) ZnO=0.96 g, C=5.00 g

Data Analysis - Software (TSView, SigmaPlot) Calculation of d-spacing using the given equation

TS View

Sigma Plot
= 2 sin

Questions:
Q1. ZnO are piezoelectric , how?

XRD Station [4/22-25/2013]

Technical Description XRD instrumentation

XRD Data Analysis Significance of the peaks in XRD

Calculating the Lattice parameters (a,b,c)

About X-Ray & XRD

Braggs Law

~ Wilhelm Rntgen (1901) ~Max von Laue (1914)

Application of XRD 1. Crystal structure 2. Averaging spacing peak position 3. Crystal Orientation 4. Phase Analyses XRD pattern acts like a fingerprint
Miller Indices (hkl) 1 2 2 2

2 sin = = 1.54 (Cu, K) Angle of incidence =angle of scattering the path difference is a multiple of the wavelength

( )
Source:http://www.iucr.org/data/assets/pdf_file/0012/723/c hap6.pdf

2 2 2

+ +

Production of X-ray (x-ray tube) ~ fires a beam of electron at a metal target (Cu)

Q1. What glass/type of glass was used for the windows?

ACMS Station [5/-27-1/2013] Low AC Magnetic Susceptibility (ACMS) Measurements in High Temperature Superconductors S.C. Physical Properties AC Susceptibility ( + ")
Zero electrical resistance The Meissner effect Quantization of magnetic flux.
GdBCO (1200 Hz)

In-phase

Supercon.: = 1
What measurement of AC can provide:

Properties of S.C. ( , ) AC losses

Out-ofphase

Class of Superconductors
Low Temperature Superconductor High Temperature Superconductor
*ttp://www.cnano-rhone-alpes.org/spip.php?article60

"

AC Susceptometer Set-up
(5) Mutual Inductance Bridge (MIB)

(5) Function generator

(1) Helium compressor

(6) Lock-in Amplifier (7) Voltmeters

(2) Vacuum chamber

(3) Rotary Pump

(4) Temperature Controller

=
Rotary vane pump

(8) Computer, LabView Interface

Can we create magnetic monopole by taking advantage of the magnetic field shielding ?

SUPERCONDUCTOR

MAGNETIC FIELD LINE

MAGNET

Magneto-Transport Station [May 6-9, 2013]

Measurements 1. Resistance and Resistivity 2. Hall coefficient ( , n)
=
4

R-T Measurement

, 8

= 1 =

Type of Contact
1. Four-point probe 2 probes for I, 2 probes for V 2. Van der Pauw sheet resistance

1 4

2 3

What do we get from this? 1. 62 K 2. 41 K

What we did Hall coefficient and Resistivity measurement

Realization and Personal Learning. ~ Be careful ( 50 150 mA - Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscle reactions. Death is possible.) ~ There can be little doubt that the most significant event in the history of mankind was the discovery of the laws of electromagnetism (brownout -> experimental research stops)
Hall Measurement: Mn doped YBCO Resistivity 0.001345 2.063E-06 1.533E-03 3.027E+24

Finger

Hall Coefficient Mobility Density

~WWII will pale into insignificance in comparison with this important event.

JANIS

QUESTION: 1. Why do we have to know the sign of the hall of coefficient ?

AFM Station [5/16/2013]

Fundamentals Of Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)

Calibration
1. Checkered 2. Stripe

Kelvin Probe force microscopy

Question: Can I use tapping mode in a liquid sample (Blood)?

Sample Preparation Station

Reading and Assignment/s Bi-2212 vs. Bi-2223
Bi-2212 ~ 80 Wider range of formation temperature (650-920 C) Bi-2223 ~ 110 Formation temperature (840-890 C)

[May 20-23, 2013]

Unit Cell

Bi-2212 2 3 Bi-2223 3 3 region

Rapid thermal quenching Post-annealing

Fig. 1

Terminology

Stoichiometry: 2 3 + 23 + 3 + 2 = 2 2 2 + 32

Fig. 2

Methodology
Precursor Weighing Pelletizing

Grinding

Sample: YBCO (Mn)

Green body T Temperature Profile 950 C Ambient air Source

12 h

4h Room Temp

4h

40 C

Furnace used:

t Question: 1. Why are we not using Ball Mill in grinding the precursor mixture? It looks easier.

AC susceptibility study of YBCO thin film and BSCCO bulk superconductors

AC Susceptibility measurement :
characterization of high- superconductors.
- method for determination and

AC losses ( Type II S.C. ) cause: 1. Viscous flux flow motion 2. Hysteresis

Aim: 1. Increase the knowledge of mechanism limiting the 2. Compare the flux pinning behavior of grain boundaries in YBCO thin film and BSCCO bulk specimens How? ~through the field and frequency dependence of ACS and direct critical currents measurement
14

Prepare cryoelectronic devices and wires with high performance

~ the problem: Weak links leads to a low intergranular critical current density

Superconductivity of individual grains and inter-grain boundaries for polycrystalline 2 2 6+ If Fe is used as dopant, 2 3 7 , superconductivity was deteriorated with increase of x. (Tarascon, Zhou et al.)

Similarly, Fe2 2 6+ , (Fe1212) superconductivity was suppressed by Fe (Awana, Malik et al.)

Fe1212 was a superconductor after annealing in 2 flow, in 2 flow and under high 2 pressure. ( Mochiku et al.) Crystal structure and magnetism of Fe1212 has been studied. ( Mochiku et. al) The study on superconductivity property of Fe1212 has not been studied well since superconductivity was affected by the annealing condition. In this paper, the superconductivity of Fe1212 especially on individual grains and inter-grain boundaries was studied by resistivity and magnetization measurement.
15

True Rand0m Numb3r Generator

Two Principal Method to Generate Random # 1. Pseudo-random number generator algorithms that use mathematical formulae or simply precalculated tables to produce sequences of numbers that appear random (used in Monte Carlo method) 2. True random number generator extract randomness from physical phenomena and introduce it into a computer. (e.g. coins, dice)

Classical physics vs. Quantum physics

Applications 1. to encrypt valuable data and messages 2. simulating and modeling complex phenomena 3. selecting random samples from larger data sets

Quantum Random # Gen. 1. Radioactive decay of some element 2. Entanglement

Random Generator Device

Double-Slit set-up Single electron/photon detector

In the region of the most probable position

Computer
(Random number generated: 11-52-23-74-36-66-7-47-77-30-50-69