Mrs.

Ofelia Solano Saludar

Department of Natural Sciences University of St. La Salle

Benjamin Disraeli on life history:

YOUTH IS A BLUNDER, MANHOOD A STRUGGLE,

OLD AGE A REGRET.

OVIPARITY- egg-laying; contains yolk and albumen to support development

VIVIPARITY- offspring is born alive

EUVIVIPARITY- maternal tissues provide nutrition, e.g. histotrophic (embryotrophic) nutrition derived from glandular secretions, e.g. placenta OVOVIVIPARITY- egg provides nourishment throughout pregnancy, mother provides protection and oxygen; e.g. shark

censored

1. EXTERNAL- oviparous forms

2. INTERNAL- viviparous forms Spermatophore- gelatinous packet of sperm is placed in the cloaca of female by the male, or picked up by lips of females cloaca, e.g. urodeles

Spermathecae- crypts in the female tract containing stored sperm which may fertilize eggs when conditions become suitable

MICROLECITHAL, OLIGOLECITHAL or ISOLECITHAL- little amount of yolk; yolk evenly distributed: echinoderms, Amphioxus, mammals MESOLECITHAL- moderate amount of yolk found in vegetal pole: many fishes, lampreys, amphibians MACROLECITHAL- large amounts of yolk found: shark, monotremes

TELOLECITHAL- yolk concentrated on one pole; birds, reptiles, most nontherian craniates

AMPHIOXUS

AMPHIBIAN

BIRD EMBRYOGENESIS

YOLK SAC- surrounds the yolk; Meckels diverticulum is vestigial yolk sac of man CHORION- lines eggshell or mothers uterus AMNION- prevents dessication of embryo and buffers fetus against mechanical trauma ALLANTOIS- respiratory organ, site of exchange of nutrients and metabolic wastes between mother and embryo; proximal part becomes urinary bladder

a device which allows an embryo to obtain food from the mother. In return the embryo provides bodily waste and eventually, birth pains, stretch marks & sleepless nights.
SIMPLE YOLK SAC- serves as a membrane for absorbing oxygen and nourishment from maternal tissues; e.g. viviparous anamniotes CHORIOVITELLINE- yolk sac lies against the chorion; e.g. marsupials CHORIOALLANTOIC- chorioallantoic membrane is in direct contact with maternal uterine lining; reptiles, monotremes, eutherians NONDECIDUOUS vs. DECIDUOUS- fetal membranes peel away without shedding of uterine lining (ungulates), or disengage with bleeding from the invaded tissues of uterine lining (man)

CHORIONIC VILLI maybe arranged in cotyledonary (patches), zonary (band), diffuse, or discoidal patterns

Feeding the kids to be

The mutual associations established among cells and tissues determine the eventual developmental outcome.
NEU RAL TUBE
SCLERO TOMES CARTI LAGES VERTE BRAE

SPI NAL CORD

INDUCTION- stimulatory effect between

developing parts of the embryo

MORPHOGENS- inductor (signaling) proteins expressed by specific homeotic genes that induce organization of the germ layers and participate in the differentiation of specialized tissues from embryonic mesenchyme. HOMEOTIC GENES- Hox gene clusters determine the fates of individual segments in Drosophila and craniates Sonic Hedgehog- participate in differentiation of the notochord, early neural tube, fins or limbs

Chordin- secreted by genes in the dorsal lip of the blastopore; body axis-forming activity in early gastrulation

MORPHOGENS MESENCHYME
dendritic, undifferentiated embryonic cells

BLASTEMA
totipotent mesenchymal aggregates

EPIDERMIS
Epidermis Stomodeummouth; Rathkes pouch; mammalian enamel Proctodeumcloacal opening Extraembryonic membranes

NEURAL PLATE NEURAL CREST

Telencephalon- cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon- thalamus; Mesencephalon-optic lobes Metencephaloncerebellum Myelencephalon- medulla oblongata Olfactory, otic, optic, epibranchial placodes and neuromasts Neural tube- spinal cord Ganglionic neural crest

Neuroglia (Schwann cells)

Ectomesenchymemelanocytes

Visceral skeleton
Adrenal medulla

EPIMERE
SOMITE Dermatomedermis Myotomebody musculature

MESOMERE
NEPHROTOME Kidney and urogenital ducts: pronephric tubules and duct, mesonephric tubules, renal cortex

HYPOMERE
Somato pleure Splanchno pleure
Blood vascularheart, vessels
Visceral peritoneum

Limbs
Parietal peritoneum Genital ridgegonads CT of skeleton and body wall

Sclerotomevertebral column

Mesenteries
Extraembryonic membranes

FOREGUT
Pharynx- oral and nasal cavities and derivatives; pharyngeal pouches Posterior foregutesophagus, lungs buds (trachea)

MIDGUT
Stomach Liver Pancreas Small and large intestines

HINDGUT
Allantoisurinary bladder Urogenital sinus- cloaca

QUESTIONS?

Quiz next meeting. Next The Integument