Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Contents
Network Protocol
OSI Origin
OSI Hierarchy
TCP/IP Evolution TCP/IP Structure Compare Between OSI And TCP/IP
OSI Origin
International Standardization OrganizationISO, founded the special organization to research the issue of different system hierarchy networks
interconnection, in 1977. Soon, they bring the standard frame, which can
interconnect the various computers all around the word. This is the famous Open Systems Interconnection/Reference Model, OSI/RM, OSI in brief.
OSI Hierarchy
Application
Presentation
Resource Subnet
Session
Transport
Network
Communication subnet
TCP/IP Evolution
TCP/IP :the interconnection is the biggest source of internet safety problem . TCP/IP is a group of protocols, including various protocols.
TCP/IP Hierarchy
Application Transport
The communication between application software on source host and destination host.
Key partsend out packet to any net out-of-order.
7
6 5 4 3 2 1
f t p
s m t p
t f t p
Transport
Network Data Link
TCP UDP
IP
ICMP ARP
Physical
Review
What are the network protocols used mostly? Describe the hierarchy of the OSI Protocol. Describe the hierarchy of the TCP/IP Protocol. Compare between the OSI and TCP/IP Protocols.
IP Address Planning
IP Definition, Format and Hierarchy IP Distribution IP Elements Effects IP Classification Partition Subnet Private Address
10.110.192.111
20.130.188.144
IP Distribution
When use the TCP/IP protocol, set the IP address first. Different hosts use different IP addresses. One host can have several IP addresses (multi net cards, multi address). An IP address is consist of two parts: network identification, host identification. Such as:
IP Elements Effects
IP Classification
Sort
Class A Class B
Class C Summary
Sort1
Sort2
0 Network(7bit)
Host(24bit)
Class A
1 0 Network(14bit)
Host(16bit)
Class B
Network(21bit) 1 1 0
Host(8bit)
Class C
1 1 1 0
Broadcast
Class D
1 1 1 1 0
Reserve
Class E
Class A
Class B
Class C
Summary
Class A:
1126
2242 hosts
Class B:
10
Class C:
110
Partition Subnet
Cause
Method
Process
Examples
Cause1
Internet
Network
131.108.0.0
Cause2
Internet
131.108.0.0
131.108.5.0 131.108.2.0 131.108.4.0 131.108.6.0 131.108.1.0 131.108.3.0 131.108.9.0 131.108.10.0 131.108.8.0 131.108.7.0 131.108.11 .0
Method1
Subnet mask Use 32-bit binary number to logical multiply the former IP address to divide subnets. Address hierarchy The subnet IP Address consists of three parts: net identification, subnet identification, host identification. Conditions Host and subnet address shall not be all 0 or 1.
Method2
Method3
Process1
1 Convert the quantity of subnets needed to the format 2m. Example:
Now we need 8 subnets, so 8=23. If the number is not power of 2, choose the larger number. For example, 6 subnets are needed, we shall also consider 23.
Use m bits in the host bits according to the m in last step. Convert the host bits into decimal number.
Example:
If m is 3, then 3 bits of host bits are used by network identification.
Process2
Example:
The
network identification is 192.9.200.0/24, now divide into four subnets : 192.9.200.0/26 192.9.200.64/26 192.9.200.128/26 192.9.200.192/26
Example1
There is a Class C segment 192.168.1.1192.168.1.254. Now we want to divide the segment into five subnets, how to set the subnet mask and what is the range of IP address for each subnet?
Example2
1. Class C hosts address is X.X.X.1254 2. Take three bits from the host identification as the subnet identification; 3. Calculate the subnet mask: 255.255.255.224, for(11100000)2(224)10; 4. Calculate the range of each subnet.
subnet
1 2 3 4 5 6
Network address
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.192
IP range
192.168.1.33192.168.1.62 192.168.1.65192.168.1.94 192.168.1.97192.168.1.126 192.168.1.129192.168.1.158 192.168.1.161192.168.1.190 192.168.1.193192.168.1.222
Private Address
ISP
192.168.1.96/27
192.168.1.172/30
192.168.1.128/27
198.168.1.0
Internet
198.168.2.0
ISP
198.168.3.0
Routing Sort
There are two classical router selection modes: Static routing: set the fix router table in the router. Dynamic routing: communication among the routers in the network, transport the router message, then update the router table. Interior Gateway ProtocolIGPRIP,OSPF Exterior Gateway ProtocolEGPBGP,BGP-4
Review
Examples
NEC NEO/c Equipment Network Configuration Instance
NEC NEO/c Equipment Net Configure Instance 1 NEC NEO/c Equipment Net Configure Instance 2 NEC NEO/c Equipment Net Configure Instance 3
General------CTRL type:ROOT NE
Radio/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 PNMS(EM1)------IP:192.168.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:192.168.1.2
General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1
General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.3 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1
General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.4 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1
IP:192.168.1.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.0 window-- CMD 1Route add 172.18.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 2Route add 172.18.2.0 mask 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.3
General------CTRL type:ROOT NE
Radio/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 PNMS(EM1)------IP:192.168.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:192.168.1.2
General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1
General------CTRL type:ROOT NE
Radio/EM2-----IP:172.18.2.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 PNMS(EM1)------IP:192.168.1.3 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:192.168.1.2
General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.2.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.2.1
General------CTRL type:ROOT NE
Radio/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 PNMS(EM1)------IP:192.168.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:192.168.1.2 172.18.1.64 255.255.255.192 gateway:172.18.1.60
General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1
General------CTRL type:Branch NE
Radio -----------IP:172.18.1.65 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 EM!/EM2-------172.18.1.60 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1
General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.66 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.65
SNMP Configuration
TRAP Configuration
IP Planning Rules
All IP addresses including the IP of the Q port and the Radio port of all equipments in the same station, should be in the same subnet. The IP addresses of different stations must be in different subnets.
IP Planning Instance
If all equipments in the network are PR10, open the OSPF protocol of the ZXMW PR10 equipments. Every equipment in this net can address other equipments.
Setting the default Gateway when setting the static routing can reduce the routing items . NE1 static routing (with default Gateway).
Destination
192.168.20.0 Default Router 192.168.10.4
Mask
255.255.255.0
Gateway
192.168.20.3
SNMP Configuration
Suppose the ZXMW-EMS network management server is 10.61.120.1. Click [SecuritySNMP Manager] in the ZXMW PR10 WEB CIT. Setup SNMP on in this interface. Set IP address to 10.61.120.1 and enable it. Get Community password: public Set Community password: private
TRAP Configuration
Click [SecurityTrap Destinations] in the ZXMW PR10 WEB CIT. Setup Trap on in this interface. Set IP address to 10.61.120.1 and enable it. Trap Community password: public
SR10 equipments apply In-band management modela special algorithm based on subnet routing. It divides the whole network into different subnets, and every subnet is managed by a Gateway Network Element, which is the interface outward and response all ARP applications to the equipments in this subnet.
ZXMW PR10 and ZXMW SR10 Network Diagram IP Configuration Rule IP PLAN TABLE
Routing Configuration
IP Configuration Rule
Set the NE (network element) connecting to the external network as the Gateway NE. In this example, set NE2 as the Gateway NE. IP addresses of ZXMW PR10 equipments and NMS, namely IP addresses of the external network of ZXMW SR10 equipments must not be in the subnet managed by ZXMW SR10 Gateway NE. In this example, the subnet managed by Gateway NENE2 is 10.61.123.0/28. All the IP addresses of PR10 equipments and NMS are not in this subnet. The default gateway of SR10 Gateway NE must be set to the IP address of the external equipment the Gateway NE connecting to. In this example, we set the default gateway of NE2 to the IP address of NE3: 10.61.123.100.
IP PLAN TABLE
Management Network
NE2
10.61.123.1
Agent/Ethern 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 et IP Mask Serial IP 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.1 Address Serial IP Mask 255.255.255.0 Default Router IP Address Radio IP Address 0.0.0.0 10.61.123.5 255.255.255.0 10.61.123.100 10.61.123.1 0.0.0.0 10.61.123.101 10.61.123.100 0.0.0.0 172.16.129.101 172.16.129.102
Routing Configuration
Because of the simple topology in this example, If the topology is complex, we need to setup the static routing of the PR10 equipments, which direct to ZXMW SR10 Network (the method is the same with interconnecting Harris equipments). ZXMW SR10 equipments dont need additional routing configuration.
Project Analysis
There are 7 districts in Ethiopia GSM secondary upgrade project national network (six districts and the capital district). The range of network appointed by the customer is 10.234.0.0/16 10.235.0.0/16, two Class B networks. 10.234.0.0/16 is available, and 10.235.0.0/16 network is preserved for future capacity expansion.
Subnet Partition 1
1. Because Ethiopia has 6 districts and 1 capital district, we need to take 3 bits as subnet identification. Divide the appointed segment 10.234.0.0/16 into 8 /19 segments: 10.234.0.0/19 10.234.32.0/19 10.234.64.0/19 10.234.96.0/19 10.234.128.0/19 10.234.160. 0/19 10.234.192.0/19 10.234.224.0/19 Appoint the 7 segments for the 7 districts including 6 districts and 1 capital district, the last one is reserved.
Subnet Partition 2
2. For each district, look up for the optical node which hang the most the hops, then divide the segments in Step 1 according to the maximum equipments quantity and the total hops quantity of this optical node. For each optical node, divide the segments in Step 2 into subnets. The method is the same with Step 2.
3.