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underutilized Proliferation of new servers and applications Complexity in sharing storage resources across multiple servers High cost of managing information
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What is a SAN?
SAN
Centralizes storage and management Enables sharing of storage resources across multiple servers at
block level Meets increasing storage demands efficiently with better economies of scale Common SAN deployments are:
Fibre Channel (FC) SAN: uses FC protocol for communication IP SAN: uses IP-based protocols for communication
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Highly scalable
Theoretically, accommodate approximately 15 million devices
IP Network
FC SAN
Clients
Application Servers
Storage Arrays
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Components of FC SAN
Node (server and storage) ports Cables Connectors Interconnecting devices such as FC switches and hubs SAN management software
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Node Ports
Each port has a transmit (Tx) link and a receive (Rx) link
Node Port 0
Port 0 Port 1 Tx Rx
Link
Port n
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Cables
Single-mode
Light In
Multimode
Light In
Can carry multiple beams (a) Multi-mode Fiber of light simultaneously Used for short distance (Modal dispersion weakens signal strength after certain distance )
Single-mode Fiber
Core
Cladding
Light In
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Connectors
of the cable to and from a port Commonly used connectors for fiber optic cables are:
Standard Connector (SC) Duplex connectors Lucent Connector (LC) Duplex connectors Straight Tip (ST) Patch panel connectors Simplex connectors
Standard Connector
Lucent Connector
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Interconnecting Devices
Hubs provide limited connectivity and scalability Switches and directors are intelligent devices
Switches are available with fixed port count or modular design Directors are always modular, and its port count can be increased
by inserting additional 'line cards' or 'blades' High-end switches and directors contain redundant components
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FC Interconnectivity Options
Point-to-Point Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) Fibre Channel Switched Fabric (FC-SW)
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Point-to-Point Connectivity
Enables direct connection between nodes Offers limited connectivity and scalability Used in DAS environment Servers
Server
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FC-AL Connectivity
Servers
Server
time Supports up to 126 nodes Addition or removal of a node causes momentary pause in loop traffic
FC Hub
Storage Array
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FC-SW Connectivity
Provides dedicated path between nodes Addition/removal of node does not affect traffic of other nodes
Servers Storage Array
FC Switch
FC Switch
Server
Interswitch Links
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N-Port
F-Port FC Switch F-Port N-Port Storage Array E-Port ISL N-Port Storage Array E-Port FC Switch F-Port
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FC Architecture Overview
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Encode/Decode
1 Gb/s 2 Gb/s 4 Gb/s 8 Gb/s 16 Gb/s
FC-0
Function Mapping interface Common services Routing, flow control Encode/decode Physical layer
Features Specified by FC Layer Mapping upper layer protocol (e.g. SCSI) to lower FC layers Not implemented Frame structure, FC addressing, flow control 8b/10b or 64b/66b encoding, bit and frame synchronization Media, cables, connector
Module 5: Fibre Channel Storage Area Network 20
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respectively
World Wide Name - Array
5
0101
0
0000
0
0000
6
0110
0
0000
1
0001
6
0110
0
0000
0
0000
0
0000
6
0110
0
0000
0
0000
1
0001
B
1011
2
0010
Format Type
Company ID 24 bits
Port
0
Reserved 12 bits
Company ID 24 bits
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Exchange
Sequence
Frame
SOF 4 Bytes
FC Frame
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Fabric Services
Responsible for name registration and management of node ports Located at pre-defined address FFFFFC
Responsible for managing and distributing Registered State Change Notifications (RSCNs) to attached node ports Responsible for distributing SW-RSCNs to every other switch SW-RSCNs keep the name server up-to-date on all switches Located at pre-defined address FFFFFD Enables FC SAN management using fabric management software Located at pre-defined address FFFFFA
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switch Node obtains FC address from switch Immediately after FLOGI, N_Port registers with Name Server on switch, indicating its WWN, port type, assigned FC address, etc. N_Port queries name server about all other logged in ports
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Mesh Topology
Full Mesh
FC Switches
Full mesh
Each switch is connected to every other
Server
switch Maximum of one ISL or hop is required for host-to-storage traffic Host and storage can be connected to any switch
Partial mesh
Not all the switches are connected to
FC Switches
Server
Storage Array
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Core-edge Topology
FC Switch
FC Switch
Server
Storage Array
FC Switch
FC Switch
Medium to maximum
connectivity
Server
Storage Array
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Zoning
Zoning
It is an FC switch function that enables node ports within the fabric to be logically segmented into groups, and communicate with each other within the group.
Zone 1
FC SAN
Storage Array
Array port Servers HBA Port Zone 2
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Types of Zoning
Servers Switch Domain ID = 15 Port 5
Zone 2 Port 1
WWN 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:40
FC Switch
Storage Array
Port 9 Zone 3
WWN 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:56
Port 12
WWN 50:06:04:82:E8:91:2B:9E
Zone 1
WWN 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:82
Zone 1 (WWN Zone) = 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:82 ; 50:06:04:82:E8:91:2B:9E Zone 2 (Port Zone) = 15,5 ; 15,12 Zone 3 (Mixed Zone) = 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:56 ; 15,12
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The potential for any server on a SAN to mount and access any drive on the SAN can create several problems. The two most prominent ones are disk resource contention and data corruption. To deal with these problems, you can isolate and protect storage devices on a SAN by using zoning and LUN masking, which allow you to dedicate storage devices on the SAN to individual servers. Zoning Many devices and nodes can be attached to a SAN. When data is stored in a single cloud, or storage entity, it is important to control which hosts have access to specific devices. Zoning controls access from one node to another. Zoning lets you isolate a single server to a group of storage devices or a single storage device, or associate a grouping of multiple servers with one or more storage devices, as might be needed in a server cluster deployment. Zoning is implemented at the hardware level (by using the capabilities of Fibre Channel switches) and can usually be done either on a port basis (hard zoning) or on a World-Wide Name (WWN) basis (soft zoning). WWNs are 64-bit identifiers for devices or ports. All devices with multiple ports have WWNs for each port, which provides more detailed management. Because of their length, WWNs are expressed in hexadecimal numbers, similarly to MAC addresses on network adapters. Zoning is configured on a per-target and initiator basis. Consequently, if you need to attach multiple nonclustered nodes to the same storage port, you must also use LUN masking. LUN masking LUN masking, performed at the storage controller level, allows you to define relationships between LUNs and individual servers. Storage controllers usually provide the means for creating LUN-level access controls that allow access to a given LUN by one or more hosts. By providing this access control at the storage controller, the controller itself enforces access policies to the devices. LUN masking provides more detailed security than zoning, because LUNs provide a means for sharing storage at the port level. When properly implemented, LUN masking fully isolates servers and storage from events such as resets. This is critical for preventing the problems previously noted. It is important to thoroughly test your design and implementation of LUN masking, especially if you use LUN masking in server clusters.
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Provides a virtualization
layer in SAN Abstracts block storage devices and creates a storage pool by aggregating LUNs Virtual volumes are created from storage pool and assigned to hosts
Virtualization layer maps
Servers
Server
FC SAN
Virtual Volume
Virtualization Appliance
Benefits
Storage Pool
LUN
LUN
LUN
Storage Array
Storage Array
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Use Case: Block-level Storage Virtualization across Data Centers Data Center 1 Data Center 2
Servers Servers Server Server
Virtual Volumes
Virtualization Appliance
Virtual Volumes
FC or IP
FC SAN
FC SAN
Virtualization Layer
Storage Arrays
Storage Arrays
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It is a logical fabric on an FC SAN, enabling communication among a group of nodes, regardless of their physical location in the fabric.
VSAN 20
Server
Server
FC SAN
Storage Array
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EMC Connectrix
technology, intelligent IP storage networking, and I/O consolidation with Fibre Channel over Ethernet
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EMC VPLEX
VPLEX Metro
VPLEX Geo
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Module 5: Summary
Key points covered in this module: FC SAN components and connectivity options FC protocol stack and addressing Structure and organization of FC data Fabric services Fabric topologies Types of zoning Block-level storage virtualization and virtual SAN
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Switch port that connects an N_Port C. Node port that connects an N_Port D. Node port that connects an E_Port
B.
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Provides higher network bandwidth C. Improves security by isolating traffic between VSANs D. Enables VSANs to share fabric zoning service
B.
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Exercise: FC SAN
Current situation
An organizations IT infrastructure consists of three storage arrays
direct-attached to a heterogeneous mix of 45 servers Servers are dual-attached to the arrays to ensure high availability Each storage array has 32 front-end ports, which could support maximum of 16 servers Each storage array has the disk capacity to support a maximum of 32 servers
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Organizations challenges/requirements
Organization needs to deploy additional 45 servers to meet growth
requirements Existing storage arrays are poorly utilized and adding of new servers require to purchase new arrays Organization wants to implement FC SAN to overcome the scalability and utilization challenges Hop count must be minimized to meet performance requirement
Task
Propose a FC switched fabric topology to address organizations
challenges/requirements and justify your choice If 72-port FC switches are available, determine the minimum number of switches required in the fabric
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