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Key concepts:
Requirements of Research Design Definition of Research Design Types of Research Design Factors Affecting Research Design Hypothesis Formulation Hypothesis Testing
work It provides a guideline for the checking and counter checking of the research work which enables the researcher to keep track of work action and let him to know that he is moving in the right direction The design is a specific presentation of the various steps in the process of research Designing provides a clear cut picture of the work before starting the work, and It helps in identifying the difficulties that may emerge in the process of research
Definition
According to P.V.Young, the design results from collecting general
scientific model into varied research problem, According to Kerlinger, research design is a plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and control variance.
Exploratory research/formulative research Descriptive Research Design Diagnostic Research Design, and Experimental Research Design
Review/survey of the concerned literature: (follow step of research) Experience survey: the objective of such survey is to get the relationship
between variables and new ideas relating to the research problem. For such a survey people who are competent and can contribute new ideas may be carefully selected as respondent. The respondents then interviewed by the investigator/researcher.
Importance of descriptive research To describe the characteristics of certain groups i.e., users of a product with different age, sex etc. To estimate the proportion of people in a specified population who behave in a certain way i.e., shopping persons who buy from a particular shop To make specific predictions i.e., sales of a companys product in each quarter of a year A descriptive study requires clear specification of who, what, where, why and how aspects of the research
2. Statistical design: the statistical design differs from the case research with regard to the number of cases studied and comprehensiveness of the study of each case. While the case method involves complete study of a few cases, the statistical method involves study of a few factors in a large number of cases. The main advantage is that results can be generalized owing to wider samples used and conclusions are based on statistical techniques.
2. Cross-sectional analysis: there are two types of cross sectional analysis: field studies and surveys. The basic difference between the two is the greater scope of the surveys and greater depth of the field study. The survey has a greater sample. The emphasis of survey is of getting summary statistics. The emphasis of field study is on the inter-relationship of a number of factors.
Product design: which product a consumer would buy most. Package design: which attractive package a producer should design based
on the available literature. Pricing Policies: the price elasticity of demand can be better tested with the help of experiments. Experiments are often used for measuring this aspect pricing. Promotion Policies: the promotional policies have been very widely explored through experimentation as compared with the other areas of marketing.
Methods of experimental design There are two types of research design: Formal research design Completely randomised Randomized block Latin square, and Factorial design. Informal research design After only design After only with control design Before and after without control design Before and after with control design, and Ex-post facto design
Randomized Block Design: In this type of design, the population is divided into groups which are relatively homogeneous in respect of some selected variables. The variable selected for grouping the population is one that is believed to be related to the measures to be obtained in respect of dependent variables. Latin Square Design: This is the most frequently used design in case of agricultural research process. An experiment has to be made on the effects of five different varieties of fertilizers on the yield of a certain crop. Suppose that there are 2 factors, fertility and seeds that found to be important.
Informal Research Design: Before-after without control: In this design the researcher measures the test unit (independent variables) before and after it has been subjected to the treatment. Before-After with control: in this case an experimental unit is selected and studied during the experimental period. After-Only controls: in this case two equivalent groups are selected: one is control group and other one is experiment group. The treatment is provided to the experimental group.
Ex-post facto Design: in this case, rather than selecting the experimental
design before the experiment none of the groups is selected before the experiment.
CONCLUSION:
Thus from the above it is clear that the process of research design play an important role in the analysis of research. This helps the researcher, particularly the beginners, a way to get the desired result.
Hypotheses
A good research question will produce one or more testable hypotheses. Testable hypotheses predict a relationship between variables (not
concepts).
Descriptive Questions
Single variable descriptions Central tendency, variability, percentages
Associational
Non-directional relationship between variables.
Difference
Group Comparison
Null hypothesis
Null Hypothesis:
H0: 1 = c 1 is the intervention population mean c is the control population mean
In English
There is no significant difference between the intervention population mean and the control population mean
Alternative Hypotheses
Alternative Hypotheses:
H1: 1 < c H0: 1 > c H0: 1 c