CNU Dept.

of Electronics
D. J. Kim 1
Lecture on Communication Theory
Chapter 5. Noise in CW Modulation System
5.1 Introduction
- Receiver Noise (Channel Noise) :
additive, White, and Gaussian

5.2 Receiver Model
1. RX Model












N
0
= KT
e
where K = Boltzmanns constant
T
e
= equivalent noise Temp.
Average noise power per unit bandwidth
S
w
(f)
R
w
(t)
) (t o
2
N
0
2
N
0
f
t
2
N
density spectral power Gaussian, and white, additive, : ) t ( w -
0
=
CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 2
Lecture on Communication Theory
- Band Pass Filter (Ideal case)







w(t) n(t)

- filtered noise as narrow-band noise
n(t) = n
I
(t)cos(2tf
C
t) - n
Q
(t)sin(2tf
C
t)
where n
I
(t) is inphase, n
Q
(t) is quadrature component

- filtered signal x(t)
x(t) = s(t) + n(t)

- Average Noise Power = N
0
B
T



BPF
output
receiver
O
I
noise the of power average
signal message d demodulate the of power average
) SNR ( -
n(t) noise filtered the of power average
s(t) signal modulated the of power average
) SNR ( -
=
=
2B
2B
N
0

S
NI
, S
NQ

CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 3
Lecture on Communication Theory
< DSB SSB Signal Noise Power Spectral Density >

- DSB














- SSB
1
S
M
(f)
f
S
S
(f)

2
1
4
1
f
f
S
Y
(f)
| | ) f f ( S ) f f ( S
4
1
) f ( S ) fCt m(t)cos(2 s(t) -
2
P
)
4
P
( 2 t) f m(t)cos(2 P ) t ( m
C M C M S
C
+ + = + =
=

2
N
0
f
S
S
(f)
f
2
N
0
(t) n
2
1
m(t)
2
1

WN 2
2
N
W 4 WN
2
N
W 2
I
0
0
0
0
+
= =
4
P
2
P
2
P
4
1
t) f (t)sin(2 m
2
1
t) f m(t)cos(2
2
1

C C
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
) Wt sin( ) t ( n
2
1
) Wt cos( ) t ( n
2
1
) t ( m
4
1

WN
2
N
W 2 WN
2
N
W 2
Q I
0
0
0
0
+ +
= =
1
f
4
1
f
2
N
0
f f
2
N
0
CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 4
Lecture on Communication Theory
2.
1) system
- s(t) by each system has the same average power
- noise w(t) has the same average power measured in the message
BW =W
2) Channel SNR









3)

5.3 Noise in DSB-SC Receivers
1. Model of DSB-SC Receivers






input
receiver
at
C
BW message the in noise the of power average
signal modulated the of power average
) SNR ( =
C
O
(SNR)
(SNR)
= merit of Figure
CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 5
Lecture on Communication Theory
2. (SNR)
O


N W 2
P A C
) SNR ( -

(baseband)
N W
2
N
2W power noise Average -
2
P A C
s(t) of power Average -
df (f) S P
power signal Average -
bandwidth message : W
(f) S : m(t) of density spectral Power
factor scaling : C re whe
) t ( m ) t f 2 cos( CA ) t ( s -
0
2
C
2
DSB , C
0
0
2
C
2
W
W - M
M
C C
=
= =
=
=
=

| |
) t ( n
2
1
) t ( m CA
2
1
y(t)
) t f 4 sin( ) t ( n A
2
1
) t f 4 cos( ) t ( n ) t ( m CA
2
1
) t ( n
2
1
) t ( m CA
2
1

) t f 2 cos( ) t ( x ) t ( v -
) t f 2 sin( ) t ( n ) t f 2 cos( ) t ( n ) t ( m ) t f 2 cos( CA
) t ( n ) t ( s ) t ( x -
I C
C Q C C I C I C
C
C Q C I C C
+ =
+ + + =
=
+ =
+ =

CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 6
Lecture on Communication Theory
5.4 Noise in SSB Receivers
- SSB Modulated wave



1
) SNR (
) SNR (

merit of Figure
N W 2
P A C
2 N W
4 P A C
) SNR ( -
N W 2 n(t) noise filtered pass band of Power (t)) Power(n
(passband) N W
2
1
(2W)N
4
1
power noise Average -
4
P A C
power signal Average -
SC DSB
C
O
0
2
C
2
0
2
C
2
O
0 I
0 0
2
C
2
=
= =
= =
= =
=

0
2
C
2
SSB , C
0
2
C
2 2
C
2 2
C
2
C C C C
N W 4
P A C
) SNR (
(baseband) Noise) BW message ( N W power noise Average -
DSB) of (half
4
P A C
2
P
4
A C
2
P
4
A C
power Message -
density spectral power same the has (t) m

and m(t)
additive are densities spectral power their
ed uncorrelat are (t) m

and m(t)
0 E[m(t)] othogonal, are (t) m

and m(t)
) t ( m

) t f 2 sin( CA
2
1
) t ( m ) t f 2 cos( CA
2
1
) t ( s
=
=
= + =
-
= -
+ =

CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 7
Lecture on Communication Theory
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= t )
2
W
f ( 2 sin ) t ( n t )
2
W
f ( 2 cos ) t ( n ) t ( n
C Q C I
-
CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 8
Lecture on Communication Theory
SC - DSB as same 1
) SNR (
) SNR (
merit of Figure -
N W 4
P A C
) SNR ( -
(passband) N W
4
1
2
N W
4
1
2
N W
4
1
power noise Average -
P A C
16
1
power signal Average -
Wt) ( sin (t) n
2
1
Wt) ( cos (t) n
2
1
m(t) CA
4
1
y(t)
output Combined -
SSB
C
O
0
2
C
2
SSB , O
0
0 0
2
C
2
Q I C
=
=
= + =
=
+ + =

5.4 Noise in AM Receiver


t) f (t)sin(2 n - t) f (t)]cos(2 n m(t) k A [A
n(t) s(t) x(t)
signal Filtered -
N W 2
P) k (1 A
(SNR)
)
2
N
(2W N W power noise Average -
2 P) k (1 A power signal Average -
t) f m(t)]cos(2 k [1 A s(t)
signal AM -
C Q C I a C C
0
2
a
2
C
AM C,
0
0
2
a
2
C
C a C

+ + =
+ =
+
=
=
+ =
+ =
CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 9
Lecture on Communication Theory
- By envelope detector

















ex1) Single-Tone Modulation







{ }
1
P k 1
P k
) SNR (
) SNR (
merit of Figure -

1 k
power noise Avg power carrier Avg

N W 2
P k A
(SNR) -
(t) n m(t) k A A y(t)
(t) n (t), n m(t)] k 1 [ A Assume
(t) n (t)] n m(t) k A [A
x(t) of envelop ) t ( y
2
a
2
a
AM
C
O
a
0
2
a
2
C
AM O,
I a C C
Q I a C
2
1
2
Q
2
I a C C
<
+
~

>
=
+ + ~
>> +
+ + + =
=

(max)
3
1
F.O.M 1, if
2 A k 1
A k
) SNR (
) SNR (

where t) f t)]cos(2 f 2 cos( 1 [ A ) t ( s
2
A
P t) f cos(2 A ) t ( m
2
2
2
m
2
a
2
1
2
m
2
a
2
1
AM
C
O
C m C
2
m
m m
= =
+
=
+
=
= + =
= =

A k

m a
CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 10
Lecture on Communication Theory
Threshold Effect

Carrier-to-noise < 1
narrow-band noise n(t)

















Threshold Effect : loss of message in an envelope detector that
operates at a low CNR.

n informatio of loss complete
] [0,2 over d distribute uniformly is (t) where
(t)] m(t)cos[ k A (t)] cos[ A r(t)
(t)] m(t)]cos[ k [1 A r(t) y(t)
(t)) t f r(t)cos(2 t) f m(t)]cos(2 k [1 A
n(t) s(t) x(t)
phase is (t) envelope, is r(t) re whe
(t)] (t) f r(t)cos[2 n(t)
a C C
a C
C C a C
C

+ + ~
+ + ~
+ + + =
+ =
+ =
CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 11
Lecture on Communication Theory
5.6 Noise in FM Receivers




w(t) : zero mean white Gaussian noise with psd = No/2
s(t) : carrier =fc, BW = B
T
(f
C
B
T
/2)

- BPF : [f
C
- B
T
/2 ~ f
C
+ B
T
/2]
- Amplitude limiter : remove amplitude variations
by clipping and BPF
- Discriminator
slope network or differentiator : varies linearly with frequency
envelope detector
- Baseband LPF : message BW .

- FM signal



- Filtered noise n(t)


)] t ( t f 2 cos[ A ) t ( s
dt ) t ( m k 2 ) t (
] dt ) t ( m k 2 t f 2 cos[ A ) t ( s
C C
t
0 f
t
0 f C C

+ =
=
+ =

=
+ =
+ =
+ =

) t ( n
) t ( n
tan ) t (
)) t ( n ( )) t ( n ( r(t)
where
)] t ( t f 2 r(t)cos[
) t f 2 sin( ) t ( n ) t f 2 cos( ) t ( n ) t ( n
I
Q 1
2
Q
2
I
C
C Q C I

CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 12
Lecture on Communication Theory

- Discriminator output
)] t ( ) t ( sin[
A
) t ( r
dt ) t ( m k 2
)] t ( ) t ( sin[
A
) t ( r
(t) (t)
r(t) A Assume
)] t ( ) t ( cos[ ) t ( r A
)] t ( ) t ( sin[ ) t ( r
tan (t) (t) where
)] t ( t f 2 cos[ ) t ( r )] t ( t f 2 cos[ A
n(t) s(t) x(t)
C
t
0 f
C
C
C
1 -
C C C

+ ~
+ ~
>>
)
`

+

+ =
+ + + =
+ =
dt
) t ( dn
A 2
1
) t ( n
)]} t ( sin[ ) t ( r {
dt
d
A 2
1

)]} t ( ) t ( sin[ ) t ( r {
dt
d
A 2
1
) t ( n
where
) t ( n ) t ( m k
dt
d
2
1
) t ( v
Q
C
d
C
C
d
d f
=
~
=
+ ~ =

(t)

at discriminator output
at Rx output
CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 13
Lecture on Communication Theory
- Figure of merit of FM


where P = message power
W = message bandwidth
k
f
= frequency sensitivity





<> B
T
Noise Performance

ex) Single-tone modulation
T
f
f f
2
2
f
FM
C
O
B D
ratio deviation :
W
P k

W
f
D
deviation frequency : P k Am k f
D 3
W
P 3k
) SNR (
) SNR (

= =
= =
= =

trade off
( )
2W SC - DSB c.f.
4W 2 0.5
471 . 0
3
2

2
3
3
1
AM
index modulation :
W
f
e wher
2
3
W
f
2
3
W
f f 3k
) SNR (
) SNR (
) t f 2 cos(
f
f
) t ( m
) t f 2 sin(
f
f
dt ) t ( m 2
) t f 2 sin(
f
f
t f 2 cos A ) t ( s
max
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
m
2
f
FM
C
O
m
m
m
m
t
0
f
m
m
C C

= =
= = =
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
=
=
(

+ =
}

CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 14
Lecture on Communication Theory
5.7 Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM


P.S.D. of noise at FM Rx output


P.S.D. of typical message signal

=> band





Commercial FM radio

signal

noise

otherwise 0
2
f
A
f N
(f) S
output tor discrimina the at (t) n noise of P.S.D
W f W - ,
) (
1
) (
2
C
2
0
Nd
d

s
=
s s =
T
pe
de
B
f H
f H
CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 15
Lecture on Communication Theory
Applications) FM radio, audio-tape-recording
Dolby-A, Dolby-B, DBX : filtering+dynamic range compression

df ) f ( H f 3
W 2
I
factor t Improvemen -
A 3
W N 2
df f
A
N
noise output
of power Average

df ) f ( H f
A
N
emphasis - de with
power noise output Average

2
de
W
W
2
3
2
C
3
0
W
W
2
2
C
0
2
de
W
W
2
2
C
0
}
}
}

=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
( )
( )
( ) ( ) { }
63dB ~ 53 : emphasis - de & emphasis - pre Rx with
50dB ~ 40 : emphasis - de & emphasis - pre Rx without
13
22 I 15kHz W 2.1kHz,

W tan W 3
W

3
2
I
f
jf
1
1
(f) H
f
jf
1 (f) H )
1
3
f f 1
f
3
O
de
O
pe
2
O
2
FM
FM
dB
f
f f
f
df
W
ex
O
O O
O
W
W

= = =

= =
+
=
+ =

+
}
CNU Dept. of Electronics
D. J. Kim 16
Lecture on Communication Theory
5.8 Summary and Discussion
















13dB I IV & III
5 FM, IV.
(SNR)
2
3
(SNR) 2 FM, III.
SNR) ( (SNR) SSB SC, - DSB II.
sinusoidal for (SNR)
2
(SNR) AM I.
C
2
O
C O
C
2
2
O
=
=
= =
=
+
=

|
| |

<H.W.> chap 5. 5.7

chap 6. 6.2, 6.7, 6.15, 6.17