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A grapefruit
String cheese A walnut
Our Brains
Are like a jungle- nothing runs
the jungle All parts of the brain participate with each other, while each has its own function There is natural pruning or neural pruning that occurs when parts are not used (this may be why sounds not heard or used atrophy over time) LEARNING IS A DELICATE, BUT IS A POWERFUL DIALOGUE BETWEEN GENETICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Robert Sylwester, A Celebration of Neurons
Brains Complexity
Cellular level - three pints of liquid, three pounds of
mass, tens of billions of nerve cells (or neurons), ten times more numerous glial cells that support, insulate and nourish the neurons Brain cells - 30 thousand neurons (300,000 glial cells) fit into the space of a pinhead.
Cortex ( reason/logic)
Cortex
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Creativity - Judgment - Optimism - Context Planning- Problem solving - Pattern making Upper temporal lobe - Wernickes Area Comprehension - Relevancy - Link to past (experience) - Hearing - Memory - Meaning Lower frontal lobe - Cortex Speaking/language - Brocas area Occipital lobe - Spatial order Visual processing - Patterns - Discovery Parietal lobe Motor - Primary Sensory Area - Insights - Language functions Cerebellum Motor/motion - Novelty learning - cognition - balance - posture
Motor cortex
Somatosensory cortex
Brocas area
Visual cortex
Wernickes area
Cerebellum
Neurons
to muscles, or glands Send and receive chemical information (messages) for behaviors Can be a millimeter in length or as long as a meter Cells nucleus contains DNA (As long a meter)
communicate quickly with specific cells in the body network - this is a transportation system, much like a phone system.
The brain has both nerve cells and glial cells. The
neurons are cellular agents of cognition; the glial cells act as a scaffolding or insulation for impulses. (The insulation increases the speed of the neural (electrical) messages.)
Memory
Place to store information, as in: How much
Memory
Thompson
many structures involved in memory formation; memory depends on many mechanisms;
Memory stores
Sensory Memory Capacity Duration Very large Very short (Fraction of second) Direct representation of sensual experience as action potentials Short-Term Memory 72 items Long-Term Memory Infinite
Short (Fraction Indefinite of minute) Spoken language format Semantic (meaningful) format
Format (Coding)
Processes
Attention Selects portion of Sensory Memory for further processing by STM Ex: Attend to lecture, not sound of ventilation system.
Chunking
Group items into meaningful units Strategy to increase capacity of STM Ex: 270-348-8-0-8-0
Repeat information until no longer needed. Strategy to increase duration of STM Ex: 8080 8080 8080Oops, what was that number? Information moved from STM to LTM. Ex: Studying to learn the answers to the test questions. Information moved from LTM to STM Ex: Remembering the answer to the question so that you can write it down.
Encoding Failure
Information never encoded from STM to LTM. Information encoded in LTM, but decays over time with lack of use. However, some memories never decay, even though they are not frequently used. Decay can be explained by interference.
Student studies for exam while watching TV, cant remember answers to test questions.
Decay
Ebbinghaus memorized nonsense words, tested his memory of these days later, found forgetting curve.
Interference
Repression
Memories of child abuse suddenly recalled during psychotherapy (But are they accurate?) Recovered Memory Syndrome false memories planted during hypnosis or drug therapy. Loftuss Lost in the Mall experiment.
Types of LTM
declarative
facts and events conscious recollection easy come easy go
procedural
learning to play an instrument, to ride a bike; no conscious recollection (usually); need repetition or training; longer retention
short-term memory
temporary, limited capacity, needs rehearsal (e.g. telephone number)
long-term memory
'permanent' greater capacity no continual rehearsal needed
Associative mechanisms:
classical conditioning pairing of 2 stimuli changes the response to one of them (Pavlov) conditioned stimulus (CS) - originally neutral (no response) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - automatically evokes response unconditioned response (UCR) after repetitive pairing of CS and UCS presentation of CS evokes learned response - conditioned response (CR) operant conditioning - reinforcement and punishment
sensitisation an increase in response to a moderate stimuli as a result of a previous exposure to a strong stimulus
working memory test - delayed response task - higher activity in the prefrontal cortex during the delay
Physiology of Memory
Types of amnesia 1. Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memories already formed due to brain damage But can still form new LTMs Example: Patient has stroke and no longer recognizes family members. Common symptom of Alzheimers disease
Physiology of Memory
Types of amnesia 2. Anterograde amnesia
Loss of ability to form new long-term memories Previously stored memories may still be intact Korsakoffs syndrome You meet patient, tell him your name, he can repeat it You leave room, come back 2 minutes later, he doesnt know who you are.
Hippocampus
Thought to play a role in encoding information
H. M. - removal of hippocampus:
Retrograde amnesia (loss of memory for events occurring shortly before brain damage) intact short-term/working memory acute anterograde amnesia (declarative memory) (loss of memory for events happening after the brain damage) intact procedural memory better implicit than explicit memory
it does not damage all the memory in nonhumans in tasks similar those requiring declarative memory from humans
matching-to-sample
and
delayed
nonmatching-to-
configural learning
the meaning of the stimulus depends on what other stimuli are paired with it, e.g. A + food; B + food; AB + no food
hippocampus is involved in nonconfigural learning if its sufficiently difficult
binding memories
input from many parts of cortex (secondary and tertiary areas)
Hebbian learning and classical conditioning Single cell mechanisms of invertebrate plasticity
Aplysia
metabotropic effects
prolonged action potential longer opening of voltage-gated calcium channels greater transmitter release per action potential
long term potentiation (LTP) a response enhancement at certain synapses due to rapid intensive stimulus delivered simultaneously to a neuron by several axons
underlying mechanisms vary between the brain areas prominent in hippocampus attractive as a cellular basis of learning and memory: Specificity only the active synapses become strengthened Cooperativity simultaneous (almost) stimulation produces LTP Associativity LTP is hebbian (no need for action potential depolarisation sufficient)
Define the gist - OVERVIEW Sequence events Plot out pictorially the information Tell the information to others in own words TALK
Peer teaching/tutoring
Amplify by giving examples Use multiple parts of the brain (emotional, factual,
physical)
Auditory, Visual, Kinesthetic, Talk Combine
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