BIOSTAT FINALS

Terminologies:
A statistical hypothesis is an assertion or conjecture

concerning one or more populations. Null hypothesis: This refers to any hypothesis the researcher wishes to test and is denoted by H0. It implies neutrality and objectivity which must be present in any research undertaking. Alternative hypothesis : The rejection of H0 leads to the acceptance of an alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha.

test procedure
A method for using data to determine whether Ho

should be accepted or rejected Used to determine if hypothesis is more acceptable as true or which hypothesis is more likely to be false

Significance level
Usually denoted by alpha , related to the degree of

uncertainty you require in order to reject the null hypothesis in favor of alternative hypothesis (type 1 error)

Level of confidence
The degree of assurance that a particular statistical

statement is correct under specified conditions.

Critical Values
Normal curve areas
Test .005 .01 .05 .10 0.10 One 2.58 2.33 1.645 1.28 tailed 1.28 1.65

Critical values of z-test

Level of One-tailed significanc test e Two-tailed test

0.05
Two 2.81 tailed 2.575 1.96 1.645

1.65

1.96

0.01

2.32

2.58

Critical value
Threshold to which the value of the test statistics in a

sample is compared to determine whether or not the null hypothesis is rejected

separates the critical region from the noncritical region

Critical region/rejection region

The critical region or rejection region is the range of

values of the test value that indicates that there is a significant difference and the null hypothesis should be rejected

Level of Significance and Critical Region

Critical Regions

Critical values

Type of errors
statistical decision Accept H0 Reject H0 H0 is true Correct decision Type I error H0 is false__ Type II error Correct

One-and Two-tailed Tests

A test of any statistical hypothesis, where the alternative is one-sided, such as H0: = 0, H0: = 0, Ha: > 0, or perhaps Ha: < 0, is called a one-tailed test.
A test of any statistical hypothesis where the alternative is two-sided, such as H0: = 0, Ha: 0 is called a two-tailed test.

Z- test and T- test

Sample test which is a test of hypothesis based on data

contained in a single sample Statistical tool which can be used to compare or to study two groups of data through the value of their means

use Z- test if:

Only one sample in the experiment
if the probability distribution is normal and standard

deviation is given Mean of the population is known sample size is large (30)

Formulae: one-sample mean test

. .
.

Two sample mean test

Critical value of Z-test

Level of significance 0.10 0.05 0.01 One-tailed test 1.28 1.65 2.32 Two-tailed test 1.65 1.96 2.58

steps and procedures to be followed in using the Z-test

Assuming that the data under consideration is

normally distributed: 1. Formulate the null and the alternative hypothesis 2. Set the level of significance and decide whether onetailed test or two tailed test shall be applied 3. Decide the test statistic to be used 4. Compute for the value of the test statistic using sample data

.
5. Make a decision: a. if the computed value of the statistics is greater than the tabular or critical value, reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis b. If the computed value of the test statistic is less than the tabular critical value, accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis 6. State the conclusion

Example1:Z-test one sample mean

Example: a manufactures claims the average life batteries used in their electronic games is 150 hrs. It is known that the standard deviation of this type of battery is 20 hours. A consumer wishes to test the manufacturers claim and accordingly test 100 electronic games using this battery and found out that the mean is equal to 144 hours. Use =5% * Present in one -tailed and two- tailed test for one sample mean

Example 2: two-sample means

A bank is opening a new branch in one of two neighborhoods.One of the factors considered by the bank was whether the average monthly family income (in thousand Php) in the two neigbor hood differed.from census records, the bank drew two random samples of 100 families each and obtained the following info:

.
neighborhood Sample A
X1 =10,100 S1 = 300 N1=100

The bank wishes then to

Sample B
X2=10,300 S2= 400 N2=100

test if the null hypothesis that two neighborhood have the same income. What should the bank conclude? Use =0.o5 Use the one- tailed and two-tailed test in solving the problem

use T-test if
Probability distribution is normal
Sample size is small (n< 30) Population standard deviation is estimated from the

sample standard deviation

One- sample mean test

.

Two-sample mean test

.

steps/ in hypothesis testing using the T-Test

Assuming that the data under consideration are

normally distributed, 1.Formulate the null hypothesis and alternative hyp0thesis 2. Specify the level of significance; determine the degrees of freedom(df); and find the tabular or critical value df= n-1 (for one sample mean test) Df = n1+n2 -2 (for two groups of samples

.
The df are the number of observations in the sample that are free to vary around the mean sample 3. Decide the test statistic to be used 4. Compute the value of the Tcomputed 5. Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis 6. State the conclusion

Application A. T-test: One sample mean

The personnel department of a company developed an aptitude test for a certain group of semi-skilled workers. The individual test scores were assumed to be normally distributed. The department asserted a tentative hypothesis that the arithmetic mean grade obtained by this group of semi-skilled workers would be 100.It was agreed that this hypothesis would be subjected to a two tailed test at 5% level of significance. The aptitude test was given to a sample of 16 semi-skilled workers and the results are: _ x= 94 s= 5 n=16 =100

Application B: Two-sample mean

A taxi company is trying to determine whether the use of radial tires and belted tires provide the same fuel consumption.Twleve cars were driven twice over a prescribed test course; and for each test a car used a different type of tire (radial or belted) in random order.The data obtained were recorded as follows.
Type of tire Radial 5.75
x

s 1.10

belted

5.61

1.30