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Management of Quality
Operations Management
William J. Stevenson
8th edition
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Management of Quality
CHAPTER
Management of Quality
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Operations Management, Eighth Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Management of Quality
Quality Management
What does the term quality mean? Quality is the ability of a product or service to consistently meet or exceed customer expectations.
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1924 - Statistical process control charts 1930 - Tables for acceptance sampling 1940s - Statistical sampling techniques 1950s - Quality assurance/TQC 1960s - Zero defects 1970s - Quality assurance in services
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Quality Assurance
Strategic Approach
Proactive, focusing on preventing mistakes from occurring Greater emphasis on customer satisfaction
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Management of Quality
Walter Shewhart
W. Edwards Deming Joseph M. Juran Armand Feignbaum Philip B. Crosby Kaoru Ishikawa Genichi Taguchi
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Taguchi
Quality
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Dimensions of Quality
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Dimension
1. Performance
2. Aesthetics
3. Special features Gauge/control placement Location, call when ready Cellular phone, CD Computer diagnostics player
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6. Durability
7. Perceived quality
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Service Quality
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Table 9.4
Dimension
1. Tangibles 2. Convenience 3. Reliability
4. Responsiveness
5. Time 6. Assurance 7. Courtesy
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Determinants of Quality
Design
Service
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Quality of conformance
The degree to which goods or services conform to the intent of the designers
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Top management Design Procurement Production/operations Quality assurance Packaging and shipping Marketing and sales Customer service
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Costs of Quality
Costs incurred to fix problems that are detected before the product/service is delivered to the customer.
All costs incurred to fix problems that are detected after the product/service is delivered to the customer.
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Appraisal Costs
Costs of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects All TQ training, TQ planning, customer assessment, process control, and quality improvement costs to prevent defects from occurring
Prevention Costs
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Substandard work
Defective products Substandard service Poor designs Shoddy workmanship Substandard parts and materials
Having knowledge of this and failing to correct and report it in a timely manner is unethical.
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Quality Awards
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1.0 Leadership (125 points) 2.0 Strategic Planning (85 points) 3.0 Customer and Market Focus (85 points) 4.0 Information and Analysis (85 points) 5.0 Human Resource Focus (85 points) 6.0 Process Management (85 points) 7.0 Business Results (450 points)
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Financial success Winners share their knowledge The process motivates employees The process provides a well-designed quality system The process requires obtaining data The process provides feedback
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Leadership Customer focus Corporate social responsibility People development and involvement Results orientation
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Honoring W. Edwards Deming Japans highly coveted award Main focus on statistical quality control
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Quality Certification
ISO 9000
Set of international standards on quality management and quality assurance, critical to international business
ISO 14000
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Requirements
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A systems approach to management Continual improvement Factual approach to decision making Mutually beneficial supplier relationships Customer focus Leadership People involvement Process approach
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ISO 14000
ISO 14000 - A set of international standards for assessing a companys environmental performance Standards in three major areas
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ISO 14000
Management systems
Operations
Environmental systems
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A philosophy that involves everyone in an organization in a continual effort to improve quality and achieve customer satisfaction.
T Q M
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1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
Find out what the customer wants Design a product or service that meets or exceeds customer wants Design processes that facilitates doing the job right the first time Keep track of results Extend these concepts to suppliers
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Elements of TQM
Continual improvement Competitive benchmarking Employee empowerment Team approach Decisions based on facts Knowledge of tools Supplier quality Champion Quality at the source Suppliers
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Continuous Improvement
Philosophy that seeks to make never-ending improvements to the process of converting inputs into outputs. Kaizen: Japanese word for continuous improvement.
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The philosophy of making each worker responsible for the quality of his or her work.
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Six Sigma
Statistically
Conceptually
Program designed to reduce defects Requires the use of certain tools and techniques
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Employed in
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Providing strong leadership Defining performance merits Selecting projects likely to succeed Selecting and training appropriate people
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Improving process performance Reducing variation Utilizing statistical models Designing a structured improvement strategy
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Top management Program champions Master black belts Black belts Green belts
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DMAIC
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Company-wide definition of quality Strategic plan for change Customer focus Real employee empowerment Strong strong motivation Time to devote to quality initiatives Leadership
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Poor inter-organizational communication View of quality as a quick fix Emphasis on short-term financial results Internal political and turf wars
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Criticisms of TQM
Blind pursuit of TQM programs Programs may not be linked to strategies Quality-related decisions may not be tied to market performance Failure to carefully plan a program
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1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Define the problem and establish an improvement goal Collect data Analyze the problem Generate potential solutions Choose a solution Implement the solution Monitor the solution to see if it accomplishes the goal
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Act
Do
Study
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Process Improvement
Process Improvement: A systematic approach to improving a process Process mapping Analyze the process Redesign the process
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Document
Study/document Evaluate
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Tools
There are a number of tools that can be used for problem solving and process improvement Tools aid in data collection and interpretation, and provide the basis for decision making
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Flowcharts Check sheets Histograms Pareto Charts Scatter diagrams Control charts Cause-and-effect diagrams Run charts
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Check Sheet
Monday
Billing Errors
Wrong Account
Wrong Amount
A/R Errors
Wrong Account Wrong Amount
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Pareto Analysis
Number of defects
Off Smeared Missing Loose Other center print label
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Control Chart
Figure 9.11
1020 1010 1000
UCL
990
980 970 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
LCL
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Cause-and-Effect Diagram
Methods
Cause
Cause Cause
Figure 9.12
Materials
Cause
Cause Cause
Environment
Cause
Cause Cause Cause
Effect
Cause
Cause
People
Equipment
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Run Chart
Diameter
Time (Hours)
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Tracking Improvements
UCL UCL
Figure 9-17
UCL
LCL LCL Process centered Process not centered and stable and not stable LCL Additional improvements made to the process
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Brainstorming
Quality circles Interviewing Benchmarking 5W2H
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Quality Circles
Team approach
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Benchmarking Process
Identify a critical process that needs improving Identify an organization that excels in this process Contact that organization Analyze the data Improve the critical process
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CHAPTER
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GURUS
DEMING JURAN CROSBY ISHIKAWA
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7 Basic Tools
Flow Chart Check Sheet Histogram Pareto Chart Scatter Diagram Cause & Effect Diagram Statistical Process Control
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Drive in
approved? yes no
turn on pump
back to car
pump gas
walk to booth
wait
copy to file employee totals charges check accuracy prepare receipt sign copy
return to car
on the road again
copy to wallet
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Drive in
check price
self-serve? yes no
go to pump
approved?
yes check credit card wait no
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Example
Exam Score
Homework Problems
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Quality/Safety
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Service, Personnel