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+
=
= '
2
2
] [
1
] [
W
i
W
i j
j d
W
i D
=
= '
N
j
j
t i d
N
i D
1
] , [
1
] [
d[i-1]
d[i, tj]
d[i+1]
Angle
[degree]
Power
[dB]
d[i, tj+1]
Time
[ms]
d[i, tj+1]
d[i, tj+N]
] , [ ] , [ ] , [
j j j
t i n t i D t i d + =
Measured
Power
Expected
Power
Noise
Chapter 2
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 11
MIMO antenna measurement
Metal box, PDA-size with 4 IFA antennas
(PDA: Personal Data Assistant)
(a) Front view (b) Inside view
Measure and
evaluate:
Diversities: pattern,
polarization.
Pattern correlation.
Mutual coupling.
Chapter 3
#1
#2
#3
#4
z
y
x
This EUT is chosen
because it is:
One of MIMO appli-
cation.
Elements have differ-
ent polarization, pattern,
gain, coupling
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 12
Pattern (gain) diversity
Chapter 3
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Element #1
Element #2
Element #3
Element #4
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Element #1
Element #2
Element #3
Element #4
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Element #1
Element #2
Element #3
Element #4
Gain of antenna elements
on x-y plane
Gain of antenna elements
on x-z plane
Gain of antenna elements
on y-z plane
x
y
z
x
z
y
#4 is the best choice #3 is the best choice #1 is the best choice
#2 is the
best choice
Maximum gain of EUT antenna elements on three planes is about 6 dBi (y-z plane).
In any direction, there is at least one element with high gain. Difference between the
highest and lowest gain is higher than 3 dB at any direction.
Conclusion: This difference of gain pattern shows good gain diversity.
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 13
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
E-theta
E-phi
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
E-theta
E-phi
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
E-theta
E-phi
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
E-theta
E-phi
Polarization diversity
Chapter 3
Element #1 and #4: linear horizontal polarization.
Element #2 and #3: linear vertical polarization.
Conclusion: Good the polarization diversity.
Element #1, x-z plane
XPD = 22dB @ 178
o
Element #4, x-z plane
XPD = 20dB @ 183
o
Element #2, x-y plane
XPD = 20dB @ 89
o
Element #3, x-y plane
XPD = 20dB @ 268
o
| | | | dB cross dB co
cross
co
E E
E
E
XPD = = log 20 E
co
and E
cross
are
co-polarization and
cross-polarization
components of E-
field, respectively.
x
y z
x
x
y
z
x
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 14
Pattern Correlation
Elements
x-y plane x-z plane y-z plane x-y plane x-z plane y-z plane
#1 and #2 0.103 0.426 0.022 0.331 0.222 0.175
#1 and #3 0.152 0.481 0.260 0.071 0.131 0.269
#1 and #4 0.100 0.616 0.352 0.382 0.607 0.073
#2 and #3 0.486 0.822 0.198 0.107 0.847 0.027
#2 and #4 0.196 0.616 0.085 0.186 0.118 0.244
#3 and #4 0.147 0.543 0.270 0.110 0.343 0.139
u
E
|
E
Chapter 3
= =
=
=
359
0
359
0
2
2 2
2
1 1
359
0
2 2 1 1
) ] [ ( ) ] [ (
) ] [ )( ] [ (
i i
i
c
E i E E i E
E i E E i E
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
E-theta
E-phi
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
E-theta
E-phi
x
y
x
y
Element #2, x-y plane Element #3, x-y plane
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 15
Mutual Coupling Measurement
Frequency (GHz)
5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
M
u
t
u
a
l
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
(
d
B
)
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
C12
C13
C14
C23
Chapter 3
MW Receiver &
Freq. converter
EUT
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 16
MIMO Testbed
Chapter 4
Block diagram of
22 MIMO testbed FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Output
CPU: SH-4
(SH7750)
OS:
NetSBD
Analog
(RF)
DAC
I/O
DAC:
DAC904
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Input
Direct Up-
converter
1
Direct Up-
converter
2
TX Ant. 1
TX Ant. 2
I
1
I
2
Q
1
Q
2
TCP/IP
Network
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Output
CPU: SH-4
(SH7750)
OS:
NetSBD
Analog
(RF)
ADC
I/O
ADC:
SPT7938
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Input
Direct
Down
converter 1
Direct
Down
converter 2
RX Ant. 1
RX Ant. 2
I
1
I
2
Q
1
Q
2
Windows PC
Brains Co. - DA System
Brains Co. - AD System
Freq.: 1.8 5.8 GHz
Use direct-conversion
technique for analog RF
circuits
RF analog circuits are
coupled with DSP algorithm
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 17
RX - Design of Down-converter
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Output
CPU: SH-4
(SH7750)
OS:
NetSBD
Analog
(RF)
DAC
I/O
DAC:
DAC904
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Input
Direct Up-
converter
1
Direct Up-
converter
2
TX Ant. 1
TX Ant. 2
I
1
I
2
Q
1
Q
2
TCP/IP
Network
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Output
CPU: SH-4
(SH7750)
OS:
NetSBD
Analog
(RF)
ADC
I/O
ADC:
SPT7938
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Input
Direct
Down
converter 1
Direct
Down
converter 2
RX Ant. 1
RX Ant. 2
I
1
I
2
Q
1
Q
2
Windows PC
Brains Co. - DA System
Brains Co. - AD System
Design the wide bandwidth direct
down-conversion receivers by:
Combine the analog front-end
circuit with base-band DSP
Freq.: 1.8 5.8 GHz
Analog
front-end
Baseband
DSP
Bandwidth is
Wider
RF LNA
I
Q
Quadrature
down-converter
90 LO
A
B
LPF
LPF
A/D
A/D
DSP
x
LO,I
(t) = cos(2t f
C
t)
x
LO,Q
(t) = gsin(2t f
C
t + |)
x
I
(t)
x
Q
(t)
Analog
front end
circuit is
simpler
LO
RF
Q
1
2
3
Phase shifter Mixer
Baseband Amp.
Power div.
I
Chapter 4
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 18
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.0
Frequency (GHz)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
I
m
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
Simulation
Measurement
5%
amplitude
imbalance
Imbalance parameters
-90.00
-70.00
-50.00
-30.00
-10.00
10.00
30.00
50.00
70.00
90.00
1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.0
Frequency (GHz)
P
h
a
s
e
I
m
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
(
d
e
g
r
e
e
) Simulation
Measurement
Conventional
bandwidth: 0.25 GHz
(5
o
imbalance)
Chapter 4
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 19
RX - I/Q signals
Chapter 4
Lissajuos graph of the I and Q signal at 1.8 GHz
V_Q (Volts)
Measured sig.
Processed sig.
Reference sig.
V
_
I
(
V
o
l
t
s
)
Frequency: 1.8 GHz
Amp. imbalance: 0.898
Phase imbalance: -75.74
degree
Lissajuos graph of the I and Q signal at 4.0 GHz
V_Q (Volts)
Measured sig.
Processed sig.
Reference sig.
V
_
I
(
V
o
l
t
s
)
Frequency: 4.0 GHz
Amp. imbalance: 1.118
Phase imbalance: -13.25
degree
Lissajuos graph of the I and Q signal at 5.6 GHz
V_Q (Volts)
Measured sig.
Processed sig.
Reference sig.
V
_
I
(
V
o
l
t
s
)
Frequency: 5.6 GHz
Amp. imbalance: 1.125
Phase imbalance: 44.50
degree
I
Q
A/D
A/D
x
I
(t)
x
Q
(t)
+
( ) | cos
1
g
( )
( ) |
|
cos
sin
DSP
'
I
z
'
Q
z
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 20
TX - Design of Up-converter
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Output
CPU: SH-4
(SH7750)
OS:
NetSBD
Analog
(RF)
DAC
I/O
DAC:
DAC904
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Input
Direct Up-
converter
1
Direct Up-
converter
2
TX Ant. 1
TX Ant. 2
I
1
I
2
Q
1
Q
2
TCP/IP
Network
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Output
CPU: SH-4
(SH7750)
OS:
NetSBD
Analog
(RF)
ADC
I/O
ADC:
SPT7938
FPGA:
APEX-
20K600
Input
Direct
Down
converter 1
Direct
Down
converter 2
RX Ant. 1
RX Ant. 2
I
1
I
2
Q
1
Q
2
Windows PC
Brains Co. - DA System
Brains Co. - AD System
RF AMP
I
Q
Quadrature
up-converter
90 LO
A
B
LPF
LPF
D/A
D/A
DSP
x
LO,I
(t) = cos(2t f
LO
t)
x
LO,Q
(t) = gsin(2t f
LO
t + |)
x
I
(t)
x
Q
(t)
LPF
Analog front-end circuit is coupled with DSP algorithm to
compensate the imbalance characteristics of analog circuit (as in
down converter).
LO leaky is controlled by bias voltage on MIXER chips.
Measurement setup
Up converter circuit
LO
RF
Q
Phase shifter Mixer
Power
combiner
I
Chapter 4
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 21
Leaky signal suppression
RF AMP
I
Q
Quadrature
up-converter
90 LO
A
B
LPF
LPF
D/A
D/A
DSP
xLO,I (t) = cos(2t fLO t)
xLO,Q (t) = gsin(2t fLO t + |)
xI (t)
xQ (t)
LPF
f
LO
+ f
0
f
LO
f
0
f
LO
f
LO
+ f
0
f
LO
f
0
f
LO
Desired
signal
Desired
signal
Sideband
leakage
Carieer
leakage
Carieer
leakage
Sideband
leakage
Spectrum of output signal before and after imbalance compensation
Suppressed
by
controlling
amplitude
and phase
coefficient
Suppressed
by
controlling
bias voltage
on MIXER
chips
Chapter 4
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 22
Measurement results of output spectrum
RF AMP
I
Q
Quadrature
up-converter
90 LO
A
B
LPF
LPF
D/A
D/A
DSP
xLO,I (t) = cos(2t fLO t)
xLO,Q (t) = gsin(2t fLO t + |)
xI (t)
xQ (t)
LPF
Spectrum of
output signal
without I/Q
imbalance
compensation
at 3.0 GHz
Spectrum of
output signal
with I/Q
imbalance
compensation
at 3.0 GHz
I-Channel: 0.402VDC + 0.142Vac, phase = 0
o
Q-Channel: 0.308VDC + 0.150Vac, phase = 112.3
o
Spectrum of
output signal
without I/Q
imbalance
compensation
at 5.0 GHz
Spectrum of
output signal
with I/Q
imbalance
compensation
at 5.0 GHz
I-Channel: 0.239VDC + 0.120Vac, phase = 0
o
Q-Channel: 0.638VDC + 0.122Vac, phase = 73.9
o
Chapter 4
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 23
Conclusion and future study
Development of measurement software & system for
MIMO antenna & channel measurement is divided
into 3 steps with the good experiments results:
Improve single antenna measurement software:
Gain, 2D/3D pattern, polarization with noise reduction.
Apply the improved measurement software for MIMO
antenna measurement:
Diversities, Correlation, Mutual Coupling.
Design 22 MIMO testbed for MIMO measurement.
Direct up/down converter, system design.
Future study: Develop algorithm for MIMO
antenna and channel characterization.
SRANT Lab., Korea Maritime University 24
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!