College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Resources Department of Clinical Studies Division of Toxicology & Forensic Medicine

Presented by S Al-Shokair

Antidotes

Definition: Antidotes are agents with a specific action against the activity or effect a poison.

Physical antidotes

Antidote Activated charcoal Atropine sulphate

Toxicity All cases/GIT Organophosphorous Carbamate Scorpion stings Phenol Phenol (carbolic acid) Phenol (carbolic acid) Demulcent Coater Delayer

10% Ethyl alcohol Solvent Glycerine Paraffin oil

Skim milk

Demulcent & coater

Chemical antidotes

Poison Snake bite Scorpion Spider

Antidote Antivenin Atropine sulphate Antivenin Antivenin (serum from old animal)

Dosage 1 vial, administered slowly/ i.v.

Specific chemical antidotes

Antidote Ammonium molybdate Copper (oxidizing) Hydrogen peroxide (oxidizing) Magnisum sulphate (precipitating)

Toxicosis Copper Phosphorus Cyanide Lead & carbolic acid

Methylene blue (oxidizing)

Potassium Permanganate 1/5000 (oxidizing) Sodium thiosulphate

In case of poison producing Met. HB

Phosphorous & cyanide Irritant poisons & iodine toxicity

Antidotal Therapy of Common Veterinary Toxicoses

Poison Antu Arsenic Atropine Antidote Atropine sulphate Dimercaprol (BAL) Pilocarpine Dosage 0.1 mg/kg at 4 h intervals 3 mg/kg i.m every 4h, then every 12h Injection not widely available

Chlorate

Methylene blue

Soluble 1 in 40 with water

Poison Copper

Antidote Ascorbic acid

Dosage 500-1000 mg daily/oral in dogs (hepatotoxicity)

D-Pencillamine

10-15 mg/kg Twice daily/oral in dogs (hepatotoxicity)

Poison Copper

Antidote Sodium calcium edetate

Dosage 30-60 g (cattle & horses) 0.5-2.0 g (dogs) 0.3-0.6 g (cats) Not widely avaliable 15-60 g (cattle & horses) 0.3-1.0 g (dogs) 200 mg/day for 3 weeks for acute toxicosis in sheep

Sodium thiosulphate

Ammonium molybdate

Poison Cyanide

Antidote Sodium nitrite

Dosage 22 mg/kg i.v. 1 ml/kg i.v of 5% solution 660 mg/kg 1 mg/kg i.v as a 15% solution

Sodium thiosulphate

Poison Ergot Ethylene glycol

Antidote Methacholine chloride Apomorphine, Alcohol (20%) plus dextrose (5%) 5.5 ml/kg i.v Sodium disodium EDTA

Dosage Injection may available as Amechol chloride Use only BP grade alcohol. To make 20% alcohol for injection, dilute 210 ml of 95% alcohol to 1 litre 110 mg/kg/day in three to four divided doses; dilute to 1 g/ml in 5% dextrose

Lead

Mercury

Dimercaprol, BAL

Poison Organochlorine compounds Organophosphorous compounds

Antidote Penobarbitone sodium Atropine sulphate Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM)

Dosage 0.1 mg/kg (initially i.v then s.c.) Not uniformly effective with all OP compoundsNot FDA-approved for animals. 10-15 mg/kg two to three times daily until recovery

Poison Oxalate

Antidote Dicalcium phosphate

Dosage 4-8 g 4-12 g 0.3-0.6 g 0.06-0.3 g (horses) (cattle) (dogs) (cats)

Poison

Antidote

Dosage

Strychnine
Thallium Warfarine

Pentobarbitone sodium Calcium borogluconate

Diphenylcarbazone Prussian blue Vitamine K1 Whole blood transfusions

i.v.

Most poisons in Apomorphine small animals Zinc Calcium disodium EDTA

Injection 110 mg/kg/day in three to four divided doses; dilute to 1 g/ml in 5% dextrose

Antidote
Antisera (polyvalent antivenin) Vitamin K3 Calcium EDTA Bal (British-Anti-Lewisite) Dimercaprol

Toxicosis
Snake bite Antihaemorrhagic Lead All irritant poisons except of lead toxicity

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